Complex coacervates as artificial membraneless organelles and protocells

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Recent progress in the science of complex coacervation

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Peptide–nucleotide microdroplets as a step towards a membrane-free protocell model

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Phosphorylation-mediated RNA/peptide complex coacervation as a model for intracellular liquid organelles

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Polyelectrolyte complexes: Bulk phases and colloidal systems

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Aqueous Phase Separation as a Possible Route to Compartmentalization of Biological Molecules

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Multiphase Complex Coacervate Droplets

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Phase behaviour and complex coacervation of aqueous polypeptide solutions

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Membraneless organelles can melt nucleic acid duplexes and act as biomolecular filters

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RNA catalysis through compartmentalization

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Enhanced transcription rates in membrane-free protocells formed by coacervation of cell lysate

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Programming molecular self-assembly of intrinsically disordered proteins containing sequences of low complexity

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RNA-Based Coacervates as a Model for Membraneless Organelles: Formation, Properties, and Interfacial Liposome Assembly

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Hierarchical Self-Assembly of a Copolymer-Stabilized Coacervate Protocell

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Active coacervate droplets as a model for membraneless organelles and protocells

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Rational design of functional and tunable oscillating enzymatic networks

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Monodisperse Uni- and Multicompartment Liposomes

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Microfluidic Formation of Monodisperse Coacervate Organelles in Liposomes

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Complexation and coacervation of like-charged polyelectrolytes inspired by mussels

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Reversible pH‐Responsive Coacervate Formation in Lipid Vesicles Activates Dormant Enzymatic Reactions

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Spatiotemporal control of coacervate formation within liposomes

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Reversible generation of coacervate droplets in an enzymatic network

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In vitro gene expression within membrane-free coacervate protocells

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Sequence-based engineering of dynamic functions of micrometer-sized DNA droplets

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Formation of Multiphase Complex Coacervates and Partitioning of Biomolecules within them

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Photoswitchable Phase Separation and Oligonucleotide Trafficking in DNA Coacervate Microdroplets

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Formation and functionalization of membraneless compartments in Escherichia coli

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Microfluidic fabrication of water-in-water (w/w) jets and emulsions

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Rapid RNA Exchange in Aqueous Two-Phase System and Coacervate Droplets

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Experimental models for dynamic compartmentalization of biomolecules in liquid organelles: Reversible formation and partitioning in aqueous biphasic systems

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Stabilization and enhanced reactivity of actinorhodin polyketide synthase minimal complex in polymer–nucleotide coacervate droplets

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Gleichzeitige Ausflockung zweier Kolloide

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Microfluidic Formation of Membrane‐Free Aqueous Coacervate Droplets in Water

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Dynamics of Synthetic Membraneless Organelles in Microfluidic Droplets

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RNAs, Phase Separation, and Membrane‐Less Organelles: Are Post‐Transcriptional Modifications Modulating Organelle Dynamics?

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In Vivo Formation of Protein Based Aqueous Microcompartments

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Polynucleotides in cellular mimics: Coacervates and lipid vesicles

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Self-organization of nucleic acids in lipid constructs

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Active coacervate droplets are protocells that grow and resist Ostwald ripening

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Temperature-Responsive Peptide–Nucleotide Coacervates

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Synthetic Cells Revisited: Artificial Cell Construction Using Polymeric Building Blocks

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Mass transfer of chemical absorption of CO2 in a serpentine minichannel

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Microfluidic technologies for lipid vesicle generation

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Emerging delivery systems based on aqueous two-phase systems: A review

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Recent developments in microfluidic synthesis of artificial cell-like polymersomes and liposomes for functional bioreactors

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Coacervate Microdroplets as Synthetic Protocells for Cell Mimicking and Signaling Communications

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Complex Coacervate-Based Materials for Biomedicine: Recent Advancements and Future Prospects

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Synthetic Cells from Droplet‐Based Microfluidics for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications

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Division in synthetic cells

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Form Equals Function: Influence of Coacervate Architecture on Drug Delivery Applications

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Progress in constructing functional coacervate systems using microfluidics

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Designing negative feedback loops in enzymatic coacervate droplets

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Inorganic Polyphosphate: Coacervate Formation and Functional Significance in Nanomedical Applications

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Lipid coated protein condensates as stable protocells with selective uptake abilities for biomolecules

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Rapid Determination of Phase Diagrams for Biomolecular Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation with Microfluidics

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Connecting primitive phase separation to biotechnology, synthetic biology, and engineering

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Multicompartment Synthetic Vesicles for Artificial Cell Applications

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Capturing coacervate formation and protein partition by molecular dynamics simulation

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Smart coacervate microdroplets: biomimetic design, material innovations, and emerging applications in biomacromolecule delivery

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Coacervate-Based Materials: Fabrication, Structure, and Applications

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From Single‐Compartment Artificial Cells to Tissue‐Like Materials

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Enzyme-active liquid coacervate microdroplets as artificial membraneless organelles for intracellular ROS scavenging

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pH-Dependent complexation and polyelectrolyte chain conformation of polyzwitterion–polycation coacervates in salted water

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Liquid–liquid phase separation at the origins of life

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Construction of Membraneless and Multicompartmentalized Coacervate Protocells Controlling a Cell Metabolism-like Cascade Reaction

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Fundamentals and Design Rules of Polyelectrolyte Complex Materials: A Comprehensive Review

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Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes as an Emerging Technology for Pharmaceutical Delivery of Polypeptides

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Peptide Coacervates Can Protect Sequestered Oligonucleotides from Nucleases and Release Them for Transcription and Translation

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Prebiotic Chemistry Experiments Using Microfluidic Devices

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Ultraviolet and Visible Light‐Responsive RNA Photofluids

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The Possible Crystallization Process in the Origin of Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses, and Mobile Elements

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An Ensemble Approach to the Origin of Life

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A Survey of the Battlefield for the Origin of Life

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Selective separation of dyes and tetracycline hydrochloride in polymer‐nucleotide coacervate droplets

Zhu, C., Yu, M., Liang, Z., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.56430

Biphasic Coacervation Controlled by Kinetics as Studied by De Novo-Designed Peptides

Ren, T., & Liang, D. (2025) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c04114

Rheological enhancement of dysphagic emulsions using biopolymer mixture of rose cactus (Pereskia bleo) mucilage–pea protein isolate coacervate and locust bean gumPreprint

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Ultraviolet and Visible Light‐Responsive RNA Photofluids

Wang, J., Gao, M., Guan, C., Qi, J., & Deng, N. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202515264

Intracellular and Extracellular Vesicular Communication: Vesicles as Proto-Senomic Units Integrating Cells Below and Above the Cellular Plasma Membrane

Miller, W. B., Baluška, F., Slijepčević, P., & Reber, A. S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-23779-8_5

Interfacing Coacervates with Membranes: From Artificial Organelles and Hybrid Protocells to Intracellular Delivery

Lu, T., Javed, S., Bonfio, C., & Spruijt, E. (2023) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202300294 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Practical considerations for generation of multi-compartment complex coacervates

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Membranized Coacervate Microdroplets: from Versatile Protocell Models to Cytomimetic Materials

Gao, N., & Mann, S. (2023) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00696 · Cited by 166 · see citing works

Coacervate Droplets for Synthetic Cells

Lin, Z., Beneyton, T., Baret, J., & Martin, N. (2023) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202300496 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

BPS2026 – Formation and properties of lipid membranes around coacervate droplets

Keating, C. D. (2026) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2025.11.298