Effects of growth restriction in early childhood on growth, IQ, and cognition at age 11 to 12 years and the benefits of nutritional supplementation and psychosocial stimulation
Abstract
Objectives (1) To determine whether benefits to growth and cognition remain after intervention in growth-restricted children who received psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation in early childhood. (2) To investigate the extent of the differences in IQ and cognition at age 11 to 12 years between growth-restricted and non-growth-restricted children. Study design Growth-restricted and non-growth-restricted children were identified at age 9 to 24 months, at which time the growth-restricted children participated in a 2-year randomized trial of nutritional supplementation and psychosocial stimulation. Eight years after the interventions ended, the children's growth, IQ, and cognitive functions were measured. Results There were no significant benefits from supplementation to growth or cognition. Children who had received stimulation had higher scores on the Weschler Intelligence Scales for Children-Revised full-scale (IQ) and verbal scale and tests of vocabulary and reasoning (all P <.05). The growth-restricted children had significantly lower scores than the non-growth-restricted children on 10 of 11 cognitive tests. Conclusions Psychosocial stimulation had small but significant long-term benefits on cognition in growth-restricted children. Growth-restricted children had significantly poorer performance than non-growth-restricted children on a wide range of cognitive tests, supporting the conclusion that growth restriction has long-term functional consequences.
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Prior research in LMIC contexts shows that the association of home stimulation quality with cognitive outcomes only becomes evident around age 5.
“Prior research in LMIC contexts shows that the association of home stimulation quality with cognitive outcomes only becomes evident around age 5 (Hamadani, Tofail, and Huda 2014;Lozoff et al. 1995;Walker et al. 2000)”
From Early Family Experiences and Neural Activity in Rural Pakistani Children: The Differential Role of Gender (2024) · cites this paper as Walker et al. 2000
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- Authors
- Walker, S. P., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Powell, C. A., & Chang, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of the West Indies (JM)
- University of the West Indies System (JM)
- Venue
- The Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-07
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-41
- ISSN
- 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051856240
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nutricia Research Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- fetal growth restriction, early childhood intervention, dietary supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, IQ, cognitive development, child growth, long-term outcomes, vocabulary, reasoning, low birth weight
- MeSH terms
- Child, Cognition, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Growth Disorders, Humans, Infant, Intelligence, Male, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Supplements
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