Natural movement: or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement

“It tries to explain human behaviors and activities from a spatial point of view and has been used in the analysis of city pedestrian flows [17] or way-finding processes [24].”

“PROCEDURAL MODELING OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Slide 158 Save the City Relevant GIS formats: KML (Keyhole Markup Language) GML (Geography Markup Language) SHP (ESRI Shapefile) DXF (Drawing Interchange Format) Parcel Generation How to store a city layout with streets, parcels, etc?”

“A fundamental proposition in space syntax (Hillier and Hanson 1984[1]) is that, with the kinds of exceptions noted in Hillier et al. (1987)[2], Hillier et al. (1993) [ 3 ], Chang and Penn (1998)[4] and Penn et al. (1998)[5], the configuration of the urban street network is in itself a major determinant of movement flo…”

“Space syntax has taken a unique approach to the concept of intelligibility of an environment, defining it as the predictability of the global structure of an environment from a reading of its local properties (Hillier, 1996; Hillier et al., 1993).”

“`̀ In urban systems configuration is the primary generator of pedestrian movement patterns, and, in general, attractors are either equalisable or work as multipliers on the basic pattern established by configuration'' (Hillier et al, 1993, page 31).”

“We employ Space Syntax to assess the accessibility of individual blocks (Griffiths, Jones, Vaughan, & Haklay, 2010; Hillier et al., 1993).”

“It is well known that crowd flow through airport and station concourses is related to the line-of-sight topology [1] of the structure.”

“…is undeserved: “Attraction theories say little about the spatial configuration of the urban grid, that is, about the way in which the spatial elements through which people move—streets, squares, alleys, and so on—are linked together to form some kind of global pattern” (Hillier et al. 1993, p. 29).”

“Hillier et al (1993) show that the majority of human-pedestrian movement 474 AT urner, AP enn”

“8 The movement economy theory (Hillier and Penn, 1996), stems from the natural movement theory (Hillier et al, 1993) and postulates that the spatial distribution of movement is part of a powerful mechanism by which cities organise their movement-seeking land uses such as shops in relatively…”

“Natural movement is the proportion of movement . that is determined by the structure of the urban grid itself rather than by the presence of specific attractors or magnets (Hillier et al., 1993, p. 32).”

“The theory of natural movement, often referred to as the natural movement economic process [11,15,19,21,22], states that the spatial configuration of the street network influences the flow of human movement and the location of shops in the built environment.”

“The evidence to date has focused mainly on the presence of activity on a street, finding that high integration streets have a higher number of pedestrians and car movements (Hillier & Hanson, 1984 ; Peponis et al , 1989 ; Hillier et al , 1993 ; Hillier, 1996 ; Penn et al , 1998 ; Read, 1999 ; Hillier, 2001 ; Raford &…”

“Graph measures obtained from axial maps have been used to analyse successfully the effect of configuration of space on pedestrian movement in urban areas ( Hillier et al, 1993; Peponis et al, 1989), traffic flows (Penn et al, 1998), crime distribution (Hillier and Shu, 2000), and land values (Desyllas, 2000), amongst…”

“…based on the principle of `direct perception' (see Gibson, 1979): pedestrians in such models act by evaluating the visual properties of footway surfaces around them and making a movement decision based on which route offers them the greatest affordance (Hillier et al, 1993; Turner and Penn, 2002).”

“‘space syntax’ community, the confi guration of a city’s street network plays an important role in movement and vehicular fl ow (Hillier et al, 1993; Penn et al, 1998).”

“on pedestrian movement patterns (Hillier et al. 1993), car volume distributions (Hillier and Iida 2005), land-use distributions (Penn and Turner 2004, Shen et al.”

“…cognitive explanation of this phenomenon, the association between movement densities and integration is held to have important implications for the economy of land uses (Hillier et al, 1993), as well as for urban culture (Hillier, 1989; Peponis, 1989; Hillier, 2002; Hillier and Netto, 2002).”

“Topological descriptions of a layout relativize all positions spatially and in terms of a hierarchy of use intensity, usually measured with pedestrian flow (Hillier and Hanson 1984; Hillier et al. 1993; Hillier 1996).”

“tend to grow up along that street as they are suitable for pedestrians for a frequent visit (Hillier et al., 1993), which in turn attracts further pedestrians and consequently a lively, vibrant, economically beneficial and pedestrian-friendly area results in a city”

“Supported mainly by two empirical studies (Hillier et al. 1993, Penn et al. 1998), extended recently by Jiang (2006), it is well received in the space syntax community that traffic flow (referring to either pedestrian or vehicle flow) is significantly correlated to a morphological property of…”

“The discovery was that the spatial configuration of a street network was in and of itself a major factor – probably the major factor – in shaping movement flows (Hillier et al., 1993; Hillier and Iida, 2005; Penn et al., 1998).”

“Based on this type of modeling, a long series of studies around the world have found strong correlations between spatial form and pedestrian movement, that is, a most generic aspect of urban space use (Hillier et al. 1993, Hillier and Iida 2005).”

“Streets with more connection to other streets is more accessible, thus attracts more movements and become potential destination for socio-economic activities (Hillier et al., 1993).”

“Moreover, there is a positive correlation between the degree of integration of space and the use-density of space by individuals; in other words, the relatively more integrated spaces tend to have relatively higher use-densities by individuals (Hillier et al., 1993).”

“In line with previous research (Hillier 2007; Hillier et al. 1993), the integration and choice cores of the street network were identified by selecting the highest scoring 10 % of all segments.”

“Specifically, we used a metric that represents the concept of centrality, the “global integration” defined by Space Syntax [18].”

“Indeed, research has shown correlations between space syntax measures and the population in public urban space in a number of places (e.g. Hillier et al. 1993).”

“…1983) which focused particularly on some of the problems of applying geometry and other mathematical tools to the description and analysis of the complex layouts typical of large buildings and urban spaces Research in this field is still active (see Hillier et al, 1993; Krafta, 1994; 1996).”

“Space syntax theorists call sets of simulated relations between spaces as “configuration” or “accessibility” and these terms are used as ways of describing what they understand to be the intrinsic properties of space (Hillier et al., 1993; Hillier, 1996a, 1999a).”

“This spatial configuration is described as interdependent relations or how spaces within the system relate to each other (Hillier and Hanson 1984; Hillier et al. 1993; Hillier 1996).”

“Especially informative texts for the interested reader are Hillier et al. (1993) and Penn et al. (1998) http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1400/1/penn-hillier-banister-xu-1998.pdf [Last accessed: 4 June 2014].”

“Highly integrated streets usually tend to attract more people than segregated ones and it has been found that pedestrian and vehicular movement rates in urban environments are significantly correlated to local integration values (Hillier et al. 1993).”

“Their evidence shows that community services and shops reinforce each other most effectively in urban systems (of all kinds and ages) when they are spatially associated with main streets and thoroughfares, which allow them to exploit the “movement economy” (Hillier et al. 1993).”

“The previous space-syntax work showed positive correlations between movement and integration in urban settings (Hillier et al, 1993; Peponis et al, 1989).”

“In fact, the text to which Ratti refers (Hillier et al, 1993) discusses the two issues carefully.”

“Hillier and colleagues have argued that street layout is the “primary generator of pedestrian movement” [25].”

“‘Form follows function’ is an influential design principle often followed by architects; the structure (or geometry) of an artifact is determined by the function it is meant to serve 162-164 .”

“Although space syntax methods “were not originally aimed at modelling movement but at understanding the morphological logic of urban space” (Hillier et al., 1993), the theory of natural movement can move active”

“This method allows researchers in the field of architecture and urbanization to analyze the relationship between spatial configurations and social and behavioral structure of space and recognize, and analyze the effect of changes in urban networks on citizen mentality and behavior [43,46].”

“According to the theory of natural movement, spaces with higher levels of integration tend to carry higher levels of movement and, hence, a greater potential to access different varieties of land use (Hillier et al., 1993; Hillier, 1996).”

“Furthermore, a highly walkable environment supports a vital micro-economy in line with Hillier ’ s theory of the natural movement (economic) process (Hillier et al., 1993).”

“Space syntax modeling [18-20,34,35] measures the physical accessibility of street network segments and has been previously employed in health research [36].”

“Indeed, street configuration is considered the “primary generator of pedestrian movement” in space syntax (Hillier et al., 1993).”

“SSx (Hillier, 1996; Hillier and Hanson, 1984) proposed the most innovative reconceptualization of urban form analysis by focusing on the open space available for pedestrians and by building on the theory of natural movement within this (Hillier et al., 1993).”

“The theory of ‘natural movement’ argues that it is the movement generated by the spatial grid that creates the life of the city, rejecting the commonly-thought idea of place as one thing and movement between places as another (Hillier et al. 1993).”

“Hillier et al. (1993) discuss the pattern of alignment between configurational properties (i.e. street centrality), attractors (i.e. density and land use) and pedestrian movement in the theory of natural movement, in which the former, it is argued, drives the latter two.”

“This is the multiplier effect that Hillier et al (1993) describe as a shift from a linear to a logarithmic correlation between the syntactic integration of individual streets into the network and the densities of movement observed on them.”

“The fewer the number of direction changes that the street network requires a person to make to reach a certain destination, the more the street configuration is believed to stimulate movement [28].”

“The most effective approach involves extending the network model with a buffer around the area of interest (study area), with the size of the longest search path required, to define an analysis area (‘catchment area of the catchment area’ (Hillier et al., 1993)).”

“An enormous amount of studies has indicated that the topological and geometrical properties of road network have a significant influence on urban traffic flow [5], [8], [12], [13].”