Factors influencing large wildland fire suppression expenditures
Abstract
There is an urgent and immediate need to address the excessive cost of large fires. Here, we studied large wildland fire suppression expenditures by the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Among 16 potential non-managerial factors, which represented fire size and shape, private properties, public land attributes, forest and fuel conditions, and geographic settings, we found only fire size and private land had a strong effect on suppression expenditures. When both were accounted for, all the other variables had no significant effect. A parsimonious model to predict suppression expenditures was suggested, in which fire size and private land explained 58% of variation in expenditures. Other things being equal, suppression expenditures monotonically increased with fire size. For the average fire size, expenditures first increased with the percentage of private land within burned area, but as the percentage exceeded 20%, expenditures slowly declined until they stabilised when private land reached 50% of burned area. The results suggested that efforts to contain federal suppression expenditures need to focus on the highly complex, politically sensitive topic of wildfires on private land.
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Despite vigorous fire suppression near human communities, the number of homes destroyed by wildfire continues on an upward trend.
“Despite the vigorous fire suppression near human communities (Gebert et al. 2007;Liang et al. 2008;Gude et al. 2013) the number of homes destroyed by wildfire continues on an upward trend.”
From Negative consequences of positive feedbacks in US wildfire management (2015) · cites this paper as Liang et al. 2008
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Beyki, S. M., Lopes, A. M. G., Santiago, A. M. C., & Laím, L. M. S. (2025) · Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101648
Isaba, T., Chandrasekhar, D., & Fainkich, A. S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6381665
Factors affecting wildfire suppression costs in the United States: a systematic review
Qadir, N., Imtiaz, M. T., Jamil, A., Safiullah, D., Rafique, M. T., Akhter, M. A., & Qazlbash, S. K. (2026) · Forestry Economics Review · doi:10.1108/fer-06-2026-0019
- Authors
- Liang, J., Calkin, D. E., Gebert, K. M., Venn, T. J., & Silverstein, R. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (US)
- BUSDA Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 800 East Beckwith Ave., Missoula, MT 59801, USA.
- University of Montana (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liang, Jingjing
- Venue
- International Journal of Wildland Fire
- Publisher
- CSIRO Publishing
- Published
- 2008-10-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 650-659
- ISSN
- 1049-8001 (ISSN-L)
- 1448-5516
- OpenAlex
- W2149913718
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Wildland Fire (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- wildfire suppression, fire size, private land ownership, U.S. Forest Service, burned area, fuel conditions
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