The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lack of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor 88 reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque phenotype in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E
Open accessAbstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the downstream adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) play an essential role in the innate immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that genetic deficiency of TLR4 or MyD88 is associated with a significant reduction of aortic plaque areas in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, despite persistent hypercholesterolemia, implying an important role for the innate immune system in atherogenesis. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice that also lacked TLR4 or MyD88 demonstrated reduced aortic atherosclerosis that was associated with reductions in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, plaque lipid content, numbers of macrophage, and cyclooxygenase 2 immunoreactivity in their plaques. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion in response to minimally modified low-density lipoprotein was reduced in aortic endothelial cells derived from MyD88-deficient mice. Taken together, our results suggest an important role for TLR4 and MyD88 signaling in atherosclerosis in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model, providing a pathophysiologic link between innate immunity, inflammation, and atherogenesis.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Deficiency in either TLR2 or TLR4 signalling also reduced atherosclerotic disease in mouse models35–37, and TLR4, specifically, has been shown to mediate inflammatory responses to free fatty acids,”
From Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage (2010) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“TLR signalling is also implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease35–37.”
From Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage (2010) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cites
Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease
Ross, R. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199901143400207 · Cited by 21,725
Inflammation in atherosclerosis
Libby, P. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01323 · Cited by 8,315
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., & Maseri, A. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0902.104353 · Cited by 7,724
Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene
Poltorak, A., He, X., Smirnova, I., Liu, M.-Y., Huffel, C. V., Du, X., Birdwell, D., Alejos, E., Silva, M., Galanos, C., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2085 · Cited by 7,631
Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
CD14, a Receptor for Complexes of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS Binding Protein
Wright, S. D., Ramos, R., Tobias, P. S., Ulevitch, R. J., & Mathison, J. C. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1698311 · Cited by 3,996
Glass, C. K., & Witztum, J. L. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00238-0 · Cited by 3,094
TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans
Arbour, N. C., Lorenz, E., Schutte, B. C., Zabner, J., Kline, J. N., Jones, M., Frees, K., Watt, J. L., & Schwartz, D. A. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/76048 · Cited by 2,024
Boring, L., Gosling, J., Cleary, M., & Charo, I. F. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29788 · Cited by 1,965
Gu, L., Okada, Y., Clinton, S. K., Gerard, C. J., Sukhova, G. K., Libby, P., & Rollins, B. J. (1998) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80139-2 · Cited by 1,574
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ameziane, N., Beillat, T., Verpillat, P., Chollet-Martin, S., Aumont, M. C., Seknadji, P., Lamotte, M., Lebret, D., Ollivier, V. & De Prost, D. (2003) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23, 61–64.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Atherosclerosis—An Age-dependent Autoimmune Disease
Henderson, B. E., Rossmann, A., Mayerl, C., Wick, M. C., & Wick, G. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9063-9_53 · Cited by 1
Probiotics and Prebiotics in Lipid Metabolism
Yanık, D. K., Erbağcı, A. B., & Göğüş, F. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15561-8 · Cited by 1
Endothelium and Immunological Alterations in Atherosclerosis
Shah, P. K. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812348-5.00050-7 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPattern Recognition Receptors and Aging
Shalaby, K. H. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39495-9_8 · Cited by 1
The Role of Cholesterol and Lipid Rafts in Regulation of TLR Receptors
Sadikot, R. T. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118342312.ch13 · Cited by 1
Major tea catechin inhibits dendritic cell maturation in response to microbial stimulation
Rogers, J. (2007) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Bacterial lipid A: the link between infection with a common oral pathogen and atherosclerosis
Slocum, C., & Genco, C. A. (2014) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.14.54 · Cited by 1
Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases
Lee, J. K., Hwang, D. H., & Lee, J. Y. (2008) · Journal of Organ Dysfunction · doi:10.1080/17471060701200410 · Cited by 1
ADVANCES IN INNATE IMMUNITY: THE ROLE OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN HUMAN DISEASE
Ho, J., Li, Y., Hirschfeld, A. F., Mansouri, D., & Turvey, S. E. (2004) · Cited by 1
Toll like receptors (TLR) in autoimmune disease and atherosclerosis
Sopta, M. L. (2016) · Cited by 1
Canton, J., Grinstein, S., & Neculai, D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.02009-9 · Cited by 1
Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins
Olofsson, K. E., & Björkbacka, H. (2008) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32832210d9 · Cited by 1
Vaccine for Atherosclerosis: An Emerging New Paradigm
Shah, P. K., Chyu, K., Nilsson, J. Å., & Fredrikson, G. N. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-179-0_50 · Cited by 1
Self-citationVijayan, S., & Bernhagen, J. (2013) · RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
Zaid, M. (2011) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4501
Role of immune mediators in metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis
Strodthoff, D. (2013) · Figshare
Serological Biomarkers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Chan, M. T.-L. (2013) · The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath)
Toll‐Like Receptors in Atherosclerosis
Yan, Z.-Q., Edfeldt, K., & Lundberg, A. M. (2010) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1002/9783527629589.ch5
Hirschfelder, K. (2010) · Publications of the UdS (Saarland University) · doi:10.22028/d291-22666
Innate Immune Receptors in Atherosclerosis
Jennifer, E., Anusha, N., & Monaco, C. G. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/27076
The Innate Response to a Transplanted Organ
Goldstein, D. R., & Turka, L. A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444355628.ch5
The Role of Infection in Atherosclerosis and in Plaque Stability
Epstein, S. E., Zhu, J., Najafi, A. H., & Burnett, M. S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0338-8_23
Innate Immunity in Atherosclerosis
Chen, S., Shah, P. K., & Arditi, M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118355244.ch13
Self-citationToll-like receptor response and circulating cells in cardiovascular disease
Elsenberg, E. H. A. M. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Adaptive Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease
Engelbertsen, D. (2013) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
The Effect of Aging on the Innate Immune Response of Vascular Smooth Muscle
Winterbottom, C. (2009) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central)
Alternative Nf-kb Signaling in Atherogenesis
Dühring, S. (2014) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden)
Prébiotiques, flore intestinale, inflammation, obésité
Lecerf, J. (2011) · Phytothérapie · doi:10.1007/s10298-011-0619-4
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Secrete CXCL10 in Response to Heat Shock Protein 90
Rhim, B.-Y., Kim, D.-H., & Kim, K. (2011) · Journal of Life Science · doi:10.5352/jls.2011.21.5.664
Metagenomics, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Risk
Eckhardt, E. R. M. (2009) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-009-0067-y
Glycated Serum Albumin Induces Interleukin-6 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Baek, S. I., Rhim, B.-Y., & Kim, K. (2011) · Journal of Life Science · doi:10.5352/jls.2011.21.1.36
Rhim, B.-Y., Kim, K.-S., & Kim, K. (2008) · Journal of Life Science · doi:10.5352/jls.2008.18.12.1637
Gu, H., Zhou, H., Tang, C., Sun, H., & Yang, Y. J. (2010) · PROGRESS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00118
Varela, C., Haro, J. D., Moreno, S. B., Esparza-Gómez, L., Ferruelo, A., & Acín-García, F. (2013) · Angiología · doi:10.1016/j.angio.2013.01.011
Innate immunity in atherosclerosis : the role of pattern recognition receptors
Zhang, X. (2014) · Figshare
Molecular mechanisms in vascular inflammation
Olofsson, P. S. (2008) · Figshare
IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS Focus on the Role of the Complement System
Oksjoki, R. K. (2006) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
van Keulen, J. K. (2009) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Protective Immunity in Atherosclerosis
Wigren, M. (2011) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
Toll the bell for another genetic association?
Keavney, B. D. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl299
Vascular Responses to Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection
Rosenfeld, M. E., & Campbell, L. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801078-5.00005-4
Alteration of macrophage signalling and functions by the protozoan parasite «Leishmania»
Abu‐Dayyeh, I. (2009) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.82308/49534
Role of the inflammasome pathway in atherosclerosis
Rajamäki, K. (2015) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
MAPPIT analysis of the early events in Toll-Like receptor signalling
Ulrichts, P. (2007) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
Meng, Z., Chao, Y., Xin, D., Zongming, D., & Dengfeng, G. (2013) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304613.165
The Regulatory Role of Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase M in Toll-Like Receptor Signaling
Zhou, H. (2016) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University)
Saladrigas, N. R. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Innate Immunity and Vein Graft Disease
de Vries, M. R., Jukema, J. W., & Quax, P. H. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26515-5_28
Inflammasomopathies: Diseases Linked to the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Nardo, D. D., Vogelhuber, J., Labzin, L. I., Langhoff, P., & Latz, E. (2012) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789814355698_0002 · Cited by 1
The Immune System in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Chyu, K., & Shah, P. K. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4927-2.00008-6
Self-citationInflammation and atherothrombosis
Shah, P. K. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10068-5
Self-citationImmune-Mediated Accelerated Atherosclerosis
Gruber, S., Tsiantoulas, D., & Binder, C. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803267-1.00004-1
Effect of Cytokines on Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression in Endothelial Cells
Pratap, H. (2006) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
The Development and Researches of the Pathogenesis of Kawasaki Disease Animal Models
张, 新. (2017) · Biophysics · doi:10.12677/jps.2017.51001
Using microRNAs to Promote Inflammation Resolution in Cardiovascular Research
Bráz, J. P. H. (2016) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/9tq4-5g41
Impetus for change in medical education.
Seifer, S. D. (1991) · PubMed
Platelet Toll-like Receptors in Healthy and Acute Myocardial Infarction Subjects
Hally, K. E. (2018) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17069177
Nilotinib activates endothelial TLR4 to exacerbate atherosclerosisPreprint
Qu, D. C., Huo, M., Wang, L., Lau, C., Tian, X. Y., & Huang, Y. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2019.12.14.876599
Innate Immune Signaling in Cardiac Homeostasis and Cardiac Injuries
Naseem, A., & Ali, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3350-1_7
The Role of Liver X Receptors in Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Atherosclerosis
Breevoort, S. R. (2014) · doi:10.18130/v3925p
Role of Coagulation Factor XII in Atherosclerosis
Koch, M. (2014)
Characterization of Isolated CK+ Cells
Spanel‐Borowski, K. (2010) · Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16077-6_5
Pirault, J. (2012) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Singh, D. D., Dwivedi, L., Amdekar, S., & Singh, V. (2011) · South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.38150/sajeb.1(5).p45-51
The Possible Role of Herpesviruses in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Atherosclerosis
Kotova, J. (2021) · International Journal of Biomedicine · doi:10.21103/article11(4)_ra1
Atherosclerosis: An Age-Dependent Autoimmune Disease
Henderson, B. E., Rossmann, A., Cappellano, G., Jakic, B., Buszko, M., Mayerl, C., Wick, M. C., & Wick, G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64597-1_53-1
Frontiers of Calprotectin in Cardiovascular Field
方, 晓. (2022) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2022.124442
Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins
Bengtsson, D., & Björkbacka, H. (2009) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32832dd56d
Inflammation and atherothrombosis
Shah, P. K. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00082-9
Self-citationMonaco, C. G., & Caligiuri, G. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0014
Budzyń, M., Gryszczyńska, B., Krasińska, B., Kaja, E., Mikołajczak, P. Ł., Kujawski, R., Grupińska, J., Iskra, M., Tykarski, A., & Kaczmarek, M. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003617
Tripunoski, T., Панов, С., Shumkovska, J. D., Josifovska, S., Kostadinova-Petrova, I., Ugrinska, A., Stojanoski, S., Manevska, N., Stanojevic, V., Stoilovska, B., et al. (2023) · Journal of Morphological Sciences · doi:10.55302/jms2363099t
Regidor, P., de la Rosa, X., Mueller, A. S., Sailer, M., Santos, F. G., Banzo, R. G., & Rizo, J. M. (2024) · doi:10.22541/au.170668242.21367615/v1
Gut Microbiome in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis
Puetz, A., & Kappel, B. A. (2024) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35064-1_10
Moore, M., Liu, S., Canton, J., & Neculai, D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-128-24465-4.00082-x
Roy, B., Wu, J., Jiang, R., Bao, A., Freedman, N. J., & Shenoy, S. K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655129
Liu, J., Su, Z., Ding, J., & Fang, Y. (2025) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.25259/ajc_459_2025
Escate, R., Muñoz-Torrero, J. F. S., Mauri, M., Mata, P., Badimón, L., & Padró, T. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.09.026
Biswas, M., Tomono, S., Kasai, K., Takagi, H., Inui, M., Basak, B., Nagaoka, F., Yamazaki, T., MORITA, N. I., Okumura, A., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21070-x
Bojic, L. A. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Gargan, S. (2011) · Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University)
Frasnelli, S. C. T. (2012) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26694066
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26694060
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25422374
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26694057
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26694054
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26694063
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26694051
Martínez-Álvaro, M., Mattock, J., González-Recio, Ó., Saborío‐Montero, A., Weng, Z., Lima, J., Duthie, C.-A., Dewhurst, R. J., Cleveland, M. A., Watson, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25422422
TLR4 Inhibition Attenuates Vascular Remodeling in A Mouse Model of Chronic Kidney Disease
Shirouzu, T., Koga, J., Orkhonselenge, N., Nagata, Y., Miyamoto, T., & Kataoka, M. (2026) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.66076
Metadata
- Authors
- Michelsen, K. S., Wong, M. H., Shah, P. K., Zhang, W., Yano, J., Doherty, T. M., Akira, S., Rajavashisth, T. B., & Arditi, M.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arditi, Moshe
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-07-12
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 10679-10684
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC489994
- OpenAlex
- W2018788678
- Cited by
- 1,019
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 18.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl058555-04)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL66436, HL 58555, R01HL066436, R29HL051980, HL 51980, R01HL051980)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- TLR4, MyD88, atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E deficiency, innate immunity, atherogenesis, aortic plaque, hypercholesterolemia, inflammatory cytokines, IL-12, MCP-1, macrophages, cyclooxygenase-2, plaque inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antigens, Differentiation, Aorta, Apolipoproteins E, Arteriosclerosis, Cells, Cultured, Female, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Isoenzymes, Lipids, Macrophages, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Phenotype, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, Receptors, Cell Surface, Receptors, Immunologic, Signal Transduction, Mice, Knockout, Interleukin-12, Chemokine CCL2, Endothelial Cells, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Lipid Metabolism, Toll-Like Receptors, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Mice, Cyclooxygenase 2, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review