Genomic data support the hominoid slowdown and an Early Oligocene estimate for the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence.
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Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that hominoids (apes and humans) and cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys) diverged around 23-25 Mya. Importantly, although this range of dates has been used as both an initial assumption and as a confirmation of results in many molecular-clock analyses, it has not been critically assessed on its own merits. In this article we test the robusticity of the 23- to 25-Mya estimate with approximately 150,000 base pairs of orthologous DNA sequence data from two cercopithecoids and two hominoids by using quartet analysis. This method is an improvement over other estimates of the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence because it incorporates two calibration points, one each within cercopithecoids and hominoids, and tests for a statistically appropriate model of molecular evolution. Most comparisons reject rate constancy in favor of a model incorporating two rates of evolution, supporting the "hominoid slowdown" hypothesis. By using this model of molecular evolution, the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence is estimated to range from 29.2 to 34.5 Mya, significantly older than most previous analyses. Hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence dates of 23-25 Mya fall outside of the confidence intervals estimated, suggesting that as much as one-third of ape evolution has not been paleontologically sampled. Identifying stem cercopithecoids or hominoids from this period will be difficult because derived features that define crown catarrhines need not be present in early members of these lineages. More sites that sample primate habitats from the Oligocene of Africa are needed to better understand early ape and Old World monkey evolution.
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The TMRCA of Papionini is 7 MYA (stdev 1.0).
“E) mean = 7 MYA, stdev = 1.0 for TMRCA of Papionini [82]”
From A molecular phylogeny of living primates (2011) · cites this paper as [82]
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- Authors
- Steiper, M. E., Young, N. M., & Sukarna, T. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-11-30
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 49
- Pages
- 17021-17026
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC535389
- OpenAlex
- W1964511844
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 12.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR03037)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-03037, G12RR003037)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- Oligocene, molecular clock, divergence time estimation, rate heterogeneity, Old World monkeys, apes, primate evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cercopithecidae, Biological Evolution, Humans, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, Time, Hominidae, Likelihood Functions, Evolution, Molecular, Contig Mapping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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