The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae
Open accessAbstract
A tokay gecko can cling to virtually any surface and support its body mass with a single toe by using the millions of keratinous setae on its toe pads. Each seta branches into hundreds of 200-nm spatulae that make intimate contact with a variety of surface profiles. We showed previously that the combined surface area of billions of spatulae maximizes van der Waals interactions to generate large adhesive and shear forces. Geckos are not known to groom their feet yet retain their stickiness for months between molts. How geckos manage to keep their feet clean while walking about with sticky toes has remained a puzzle until now. Although self-cleaning by water droplets occurs in plant and animal surfaces, no adhesive has been shown to self-clean. In the present study, we demonstrate that gecko setae are a self-cleaning adhesive. Geckos with dirty feet recovered their ability to cling to vertical surfaces after only a few steps. Self-cleaning occurred in arrays of setae isolated from the gecko. Contact mechanical models suggest that self-cleaning occurs by an energetic disequilibrium between the adhesive forces attracting a dirt particle to the substrate and those attracting the same particle to one or more spatulae. We propose that the property of self-cleaning is intrinsic to the setal nanostructure and therefore should be replicable in synthetic adhesive materials in the future.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“however, gecko adhesive has been observed to self-clean when it becomes contaminated [26].”
From Human climbing with efficiently scaled gecko-inspired dry adhesives (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Intermolecular and Surface Forces
(2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391927-4.10024-6 · Cited by 17,242
Wettability of porous surfaces
Cassie, A. B. D., & Baxter, S. (1944) · Transactions of the Faraday Society · doi:10.1039/tf9444000546 · Cited by 13,807
Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces
Barthlott, W., & Neinhuis, C. (1997) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s004250050096 · Cited by 6,880
Characterization and Distribution of Water-repellent, Self-cleaning Plant Surfaces
Neinhuis, C. (1997) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1006/anbo.1997.0400 · Cited by 2,855
Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair
Autumn, K., Liang, Y. A., Hsieh, S. T., Zesch, W., Chan, W. P., Kenny, T. W., Fearing, R. S., & Full, R. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35015073 · Cited by 2,767
Self-citationEvidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae
Autumn, K., Sitti, M., Liang, Y. A., Peattie, A. M., Hansen, W. R., Sponberg, S., Kenny, T. W., Fearing, R., Israelachvili, J. N., & Full, R. J. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.192252799 · Cited by 1,949
Self-citationEffects of the Surface Roughness on Sliding Angles of Water Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Miwa, M., Nakajima, A., Fujishima, A., Hashimoto, K., & Watanabe, T. (2000) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la991660o · Cited by 1,308
Ultrahydrophobic and Ultralyophobic Surfaces: Some Comments and Examples
Chen, W., Fadeev, A. Y., Hsieh, M. C., Öner, D., Youngblood, J. P., & McCarthy, T. J. (1999) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la990074s · Cited by 1,193
Thin-film peeling-the elastic term
Kendall, K. (1975) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/0022-3727/8/13/005 · Cited by 876
Mechanisms of Adhesion in Geckos
Autumn, K. (2002) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/42.6.1081 · Cited by 598
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Huber G. Gorb S. Spolenak R. & Arzt E. (2005) Biol. Lett. (in press).
- Spolenak R. Gorb S. Gao H. & Arzt E. (2005) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A (in press).
- Johnson, K. L., Kendall, K. & Roberts, A. D. (1973) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 324, 310-313.
- Barthlott, W. & Neinhuis, C. (1998) Am. J. Bot. 85, 6.
- Dahlquist, C. A. (1969) in Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives, ed. Patrick, R. L. (Dekker, New York), Vol. 2, pp. 219-260.
- Gay, C. & Leibler, L. (1999) Phys. Today 52, 48-52.
- Campolo D. Jones S. D. & Fearing R. S. (2003) in IEEE NANO 2003 Conference Proceedings San Francisco August 12–14 2003 (IEEE New York) pp. 856-859.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 601
Ultrahydrophobicity indicates a non-adhesive default state in gecko setae
Autumn, K., & Hansen, W. R. (2006) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-006-0149-y · Cited by 113
“(2) setae may become cleaner by the lotus effect if they encounter water, and (3) setae may self-clean during normal use (Hansen and Autumn 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTankbot: A Palm-size, Tank-like Climbing Robot using Soft Elastomer Adhesive Treads
Ünver, Ö., & Sitti, M. (2010) · The International Journal of Robotics Research · doi:10.1177/0278364910380759 · Cited by 112
“Hansen and Autumn (2005) show the underlying principles of biological fibrillar contact self-cleaning.”
BackgroundYokoi, N., Manabe, K., Tenjimbayashi, M., & Shiratori, S. S. (2015) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/am508726k · Cited by 110
Bullock, J. M. R., & Federle, W. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.030551 · Cited by 112
“, 2003; Jagota and Bennison, 2002), adapt to different levels of surface roughness (Persson and Gorb, 2003), exhibit ‘self-cleaning’ properties (Hansen and Autumn, 2005), and offer dynamic adhesion, easily controllable through shear forces (Autumn et al.”
BackgroundAutumn, K., Niewiarowski, P. H., & Puthoff, J. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091839 · Cited by 109
Self-citationControllable Particle Adhesion with a Magnetically Actuated Synthetic Gecko Adhesive
Gillies, A. G., Kwak, J., & Fearing, R. S. (2013) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201203122 · Cited by 107
Gecko-Like Dry Adhesive Surfaces and Their Applications: A Review
Wang, W., Liu, Y., & Xie, Z. (2021) · Journal of Bionic Engineering · doi:10.1007/s42235-021-00088-7 · Cited by 105
“6%, which is sufficient to support the overall weight of the gecko [28].”
BackgroundPhylogenetic analysis of the scaling of wet and dry biological fibrillar adhesives
Peattie, A. M., & Full, R. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707591104 · Cited by 105
Sticking to the story: outstanding challenges in gecko-inspired adhesives
Niewiarowski, P. H., Stark, A. Y., & Dhinojwala, A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.080085 · Cited by 106
“First, the simple action of pressing the setae into contact with a surface removes dirt particles of most sizes; only small particles remain trapped inside the setal mats (Hansen and Autumn, 2005).”
BackgroundRecent Progress of Biomimetic Antifouling Surfaces in Marine
Yan, H., Wu, Q., Yu, C., Zhao, T., & Liu, M. (2020) · Advanced Materials Interfaces · doi:10.1002/admi.202000966 · Cited by 104
Raut, H. K., Baji, A., Hariri, H. H., Ali, H. P. A., Soh, G. S., Low, H. Y., & Wood, K. L. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b09526 · Cited by 100
Abigaille-III: A Versatile, Bioinspired Hexapod for Scaling Smooth Vertical Surfaces
Henrey, M., Ahmed, A. H., Boscariol, P., Shannon, L., & Menon, C. (2014) · Journal of Bionic Engineering · doi:10.1016/s1672-6529(14)60015-9 · Cited by 99
“In addition, geckos have self-cleaning feet([33]); the potential exists for self-cleaning adhesives([34]) and the ability to adhere to any surface like the gecko and spider.”
BackgroundDu, T., Ma, S., Pei, X., Wang, S., & Zhou, F. (2016) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201602020 · Cited by 99
Bioinspired Oil Strider Floating at the Oil/Water Interface Supported by Huge Superoleophobic Force
Liu, X., Gao, J. X., Xue, Z., Chen, L., Lin, L., Jiang, L., & Wang, S. (2012) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn301550v · Cited by 97
Self‐Assembled Nanoparticles Based Fabrication of Gecko Foot‐Hair‐Inspired Polymer Nanofibers
Kustandi, T. S., Samper, V., Yi, D. K., Ng, W. S., Neužil, P., & Sun, W. (2007) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.200600564 · Cited by 95
Gecko-Inspired Combined Lamellar and Nanofibrillar Array for Adhesion on Nonplanar Surface
Lee, J., Bush, B., Maboudian, R., & Fearing, R. S. (2009) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la9029672 · Cited by 95
Size Effects of Surface Roughness to Superhydrophobicity
Zheng, Q., & Lü, C. (2014) · Procedia IUTAM · doi:10.1016/j.piutam.2014.01.041 · Cited by 93
Recent developments in gecko-inspired dry adhesive surfaces from fabrication to application
Li, X., Tao, D., Lu, H., Bai, P., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Meng, Y., & Tian, Y. (2019) · Surface Topography Metrology and Properties · doi:10.1088/2051-672x/ab1447 · Cited by 96
Staying sticky: contact self-cleaning of gecko-inspired adhesives
Mengüç, Y., Röhrig, M., Abusomwan, U., Hölscher, H., & Sitti, M. (2014) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.1205 · Cited by 93
“Contaminated gecko toes have previously been shown to recover 35% of their initial adhesion after eight artificial steps involving a load–drag–unload cleaning procedure [8].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBlelloch, N. D., Yarbrough, H. J., & Mirica, K. A. (2021) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d1sc03426j · Cited by 93
Comparison of vertebrate skin structure at class level: A review
Akat, E., Yenmiş, M., Pombal, M. A., Molíst, P., Megı́as, M., Arman, S., Veselý, M., Anderson, R. O., & Ayaz, D. (2022) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24908 · Cited by 93
Nature‐Inspired Strategy for Anticorrosion
Cui, M., Wang, B., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.201801379 · Cited by 89
Dynamic self-cleaning in gecko setae via digital hyperextension
Hu, S., Lopez, S. M., Niewiarowski, P. H., & Xia, Z. (2012) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0108 · Cited by 90
Bullock, J. M. R., & Federle, W. (2011) · Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0781-4 · Cited by 88
“The larger size of gecko pads (toe area ∼19 mm 2 ; Hansen and Autumn 2005 ) as compared to those of beetles (ca.”
BackgroundFrictional Adhesion of Patterned Surfaces and Implications for Gecko and Biomimetic Systems
Zeng, H., Pesika, N. S., Tian, Y., Zhao, B., Chen, Y., Tirrell, M., Turner, K. L., & Israelachvili, J. N. (2009) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la900877h · Cited by 88
Russell, A. P., Stark, A. Y., & Higham, T. E. (2019) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icz032 · Cited by 87
“After contacting a dirty substrate, geckos can actively and passively self-clean their adhesive system through continued use, unlike other pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) which become useless when fouled (Hansen and Autumn 2005; Hu et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMeng, F., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Tan, D., Xue, L., & Barnes, W. J. P. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0131 · Cited by 87
Recent Advances in Bioinspired Gel Surfaces with Superwettability and Special Adhesion
Zhang, P., Zhao, C., Zhao, T., Liu, M., & Jiang, L. (2019) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201900996 · Cited by 84
Fabrication of Hierarchical Pillar Arrays from Thermoplastic and Photosensitive SU‐8
Zhang, Y., Lin, C., & Yang, S. M. (2010) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.200901843 · Cited by 86
Superhydrophobic Polymer Coatings
Ershad‐Langroudi, A. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119655145.ch4 · Cited by 86
Design Parameters and Current Fabrication Approaches for Developing Bioinspired Dry Adhesives
del Campo, A., & Arzt, E. (2007) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.200600214 · Cited by 85
Slippery surfaces: A decade of progress
Samaha, M. A., & Gad‐el‐Hak, M. (2021) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0056967 · Cited by 84
A Self-Cleaning TiO2 Nanosisal-like Coating toward Disposing Nanobiochips of Cancer Detection
Meng, J., Zhang, P., Zhang, F., Liu, H., Fan, J., Liu, X., Gao, Y., Jiang, L., & Wang, S. (2015) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b04230 · Cited by 83
Ancestrally high elastic modulus of gecko setal β-keratin
Peattie, A. M., Majidi, C., Corder, A., & Full, R. J. (2007) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.0226 · Cited by 82
“The adhesive is self-cleaning ( Hansen & Autumn 2005 ) and strong, yet orientationdependent, allowing them to detach with minimal force (Autumn et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSuperhydrophobic Coatings on Curved Surfaces Featuring Remarkable Supporting Force
Li, Y., Lee, E. J., & Cho, S. O. (2007) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp073672l · Cited by 81
Designing Model Systems for Enhanced Adhesion
Chan, E. P., Greiner, C., Arzt, E., & Crosby, A. J. (2007) · MRS Bulletin · doi:10.1557/mrs2007.84 · Cited by 81
Glass, P., Chung, H., Washburn, N. R., & Sitti, M. (2010) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la1029245 · Cited by 80
Nature-inspired reentrant surfaces
Li, J., Han, X., Li, W., Yang, L., Li, X., & Wang, L. (2022) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101064 · Cited by 80
Attachment of fiber array adhesive through side contact
Majidi, C., Groff, R. E., & Fearing, R. S. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.2128697 · Cited by 80
The effect of surface water and wetting on gecko adhesion
Stark, A. Y., Sullivan, T. W., & Niewiarowski, P. H. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.070912 · Cited by 80
“The adhesive toe pads can effectively displace dry particulate simply by maintaining a lower attractive force than the surface (Hansen and Autumn, 2005), and this self-cleaning property is magnified when the geckos are allowed to perform their natural stick-peel behavior (Hu et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSurface characterization and friction of a bio-inspired reversible adhesive tape
Bhushan, B., & Sayer, R. A. (2006) · Microsystem Technologies · doi:10.1007/s00542-006-0256-2 · Cited by 79
“During use, an adhesive tape would rapidly lose its frictional and adhesive properties as it is exposed to contaminants ( Hansen and Autumn 2005 ).”
BackgroundDesign of hydrogel-based wearable EEG electrodes for medical applications
Hsieh, J.-C., Li, Y., Wang, H., Perz, M., Tang, Q., Tang, K. W. K., Pyatnitskiy, I., Reyes, R., Ding, H. Q., & Wang, H. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d2tb00618a · Cited by 79
Removal mechanisms of dew via self-propulsion off the gecko skin
Watson, G. S., Schwarzkopf, L., Cribb, B. W., Myhra, S., Gellender, M., & Watson, J. A. (2015) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1396 · Cited by 78
Design and applications of light responsive liquid crystal polymer thin films
Mehta, K., Peeketi, A. R., Liu, L., Broer, D. J., Onck, P. R., & Annabattula, R. K. (2020) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0014619 · Cited by 78
Tian, D., Guo, Z., Wang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, X., Zhai, J., & Jiang, L. (2013) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201301799 · Cited by 77
Eisenhaure, J. D., & Kim, S. (2017) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi8040125 · Cited by 76
“Though not fully understood, it appears evident that the material and nanostructure of the setae are optimized to ensure that particles will tend to adhere more strongly to the surfaces the gecko walks on than to their setal surface, a process referred to as self-cleaning [18].”
BackgroundPugno, N. M. (2007) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/39/395001 · Cited by 75
“(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)”
BackgroundEvidence for self-cleaning in fluid-based smooth and hairy adhesive systems of insects
Clemente, C. J., Bullock, J. M. R., Beale, A. D., & Federle, W. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.038232 · Cited by 73
“This suggests that beetles might self-clean by a mechanism similar to the one proposed for dry gecko setae by Hansen and Autumn (Hansen and Autumn, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBiological adhesion for locomotion: basic principles
Persson, B. N. J. (2007) · Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology · doi:10.1163/156856107782328335 · Cited by 72
Mao, C., Liang, C., Luo, W., Bao, J., Shen, J., Hou, X., & Zhao, W. (2009) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b912314h · Cited by 72
The optimal shape of elastomer mushroom-like fibers for high and robust adhesion
Aksak, B., Şahin, K., & Sitti, M. (2014) · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.74 · Cited by 72
Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Highly Transmissive Films for Optical Applications
Vüllers, F., Gomard, G., Preinfalk, J. B., Klampaftis, E., Worgull, M., Richards, B. S., Hölscher, H., & Kavalenka, M. N. (2016) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201601443 · Cited by 72
Gecko-inspired synthesis of superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces with high water adhesion
Li, J., Liu, X., Ye, Y., Zhou, H., & Chen, J. (2011) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.03.024 · Cited by 70
Wet versus dry adhesion of biomimetic mushroom-shaped microstructures
Kovalev, A. E., Varenberg, M., & Gorb, S. N. (2012) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c2sm25431j · Cited by 70
Recent advances in biomimetic hemostatic materials
Jiao, S., Zhang, X., Cai, H. W., Wu, S., Ou, X., Han, G., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Guo, W., Liu, T., et al. (2023) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100592 · Cited by 69
“In addition, the super-hydrophobicity and self-cleaning ability of gecko feet are also worthy of researchers' attention [46,47].”
BackgroundQuantifying the attachment strength of climbing plants: A new approach
Steinbrecher, T., Danninger, E., Harder, D. L., Speck, T., Kraft, O., & Schwaiger, R. (2009) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.003 · Cited by 72
“The structure and function of (sub)micrometer scale systems of insects [8–10], spiders [11], tree-frogs [12,13] and geckos [14,15] have been investigated and transferred to some extent into technological applications [16–20].”
BackgroundSuperhydrophobic Fibrous Polymers
Wolfs, M., Darmanin, T., & Guittard, F. (2013) · Journal of macromolecular science. Part C, Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics/Journal of macromolecular science. Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics · doi:10.1080/15583724.2013.808666 · Cited by 67
Rate-dependence of ‘wet’ biological adhesives and the function of the pad secretion in insects
Labonte, D., & Federle, W. (2015) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c5sm01496d · Cited by 67
Geometry-controlled adhesion: revisiting the contact splitting hypothesis
Varenberg, M., Murarash, B., Kligerman, Y., & Gorb, S. N. (2011) · Applied Physics A · doi:10.1007/s00339-011-6394-0 · Cited by 66
Current trend in fabrication of complex morphologically tunable superhydrophobic nano scale surfaces
Abdulhussein, A. T., Kannarpady, G. K., Wright, A. B., Ghosh, A., & Biris, A. S. (2016) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.186 · Cited by 65
Advanced gecko-foot-mimetic dry adhesives based on carbon nanotubes
Hu, S., Xia, Z., & Dai, L. (2013) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c2nr33027j · Cited by 64
A microfabricated gecko-inspired controllable and reusable dry adhesive
Chary, S., Tamelier, J., & Turner, K. L. (2013) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/22/2/025013 · Cited by 63
“Shear force values for the natural system reported in the literature vary, and range from 88 kPa from measurements taken on two whole gecko feet of area = 227 mm2 [37], 226 kPa from measurements on a single gecko digit of area = 19 mm2 [4, 38], 184± 23 kPa from measurements on isolated setal arrays of area= 0.”
BackgroundBiological Adhesion for Locomotion on Rough Surfaces: Basic Principles and A Theorist's View
Persson, B. N. J. (2007) · MRS Bulletin · doi:10.1557/mrs2007.82 · Cited by 63
Self-Cleaning: From Bio-Inspired Surface Modification to MEMS/Microfluidics System Integration
Sun, D., & Böhringer, K. F. (2019) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi10020101 · Cited by 63
“Autumn [151] studied the gecko’s keratinous setae and found the self-cleaning mechanism: Each of the millions of setae on the gecko’s toe pads has hundreds of spatulae, sub-micron triangular structures aligned in parallel with each other but not normal to the toes.”
BackgroundThe Ecomechanics of Gecko Adhesion: Natural Surface Topography, Evolution, and Biomimetics
Higham, T. E., Russell, A. P., Niewiarowski, P. H., Wright, A. N., & Speck, T. (2019) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icz013 · Cited by 63
“Gecko toe pads are self-cleaning because of two proposed mechanisms: one passive and the other active (Hansen and Autumn 2005; Hu et al. 2012).”
BackgroundEason, E. V., Hawkes, E. W., Windheim, M., Christensen, D. L., Libby, T., & Cutkosky, M. R. (2015) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/10/1/016013 · Cited by 61
Duan, W., Yu, Z., Cui, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., & Tian, Y. (2023) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2023.102862 · Cited by 62
Biomimetic polyimide nanotube arrays with slippery or sticky superhydrophobicity
Zhu, S., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Lü, C., Dai, X., Jia, F. L., Gao, H., & Yang, B. (2009) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.12.047 · Cited by 60
Liu, H., Zhang, X., Wang, S., & Jiang, L. (2015) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201403190 · Cited by 60
Hedegaard, C. L., & Mata, Á. (2020) · Biofabrication · doi:10.1088/1758-5090/ab84cb · Cited by 60
“From the efficient nutrient flow exhibited by a plant’s stem as a result of its multiscale structure [1] to the adhesive and locomotive properties of the gecko’s feet due to the hierarchical organization of its spatulae and setae [2] (figure 1(a)), hierarchy is a ubiquitous organizing and functional principle of natur…”
BackgroundTian, Y., Wan, J., Pesika, N. S., & Zhou, M. J. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01382 · Cited by 62
Flat Dry Elastomer Adhesives as Attachment Materials for Climbing Robots
Ünver, Ö., & Sitti, M. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics · doi:10.1109/tro.2009.2033628 · Cited by 59
“The elastomer surface contaminates by time due to dust and dirt transferred from the surface after some usage and has to be cleaned with alcohol or acetone to regain its adhesion in our case. Hansen and Autumn [ 32 ]”
BackgroundSeries of Multilinked Caterpillar Track‐type Climbing Robots
Lee, G., Kim, H., Seo, K., Kim, J., Sitti, M., & Seo, T. (2014) · Journal of Field Robotics · doi:10.1002/rob.21550 · Cited by 59
“Several self-cleaning studies have been performed, but the results are not yet satisfactory (Hansen & Autumn, 2005; Kim, Cheung, & Sitti, 2009; Lee & Fearing, 2008; Mengüç, Röhrig, Abusomwan, Hölscher, & Sitti, 2014).”
Lamb, T., & Bauer, A. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3390 · Cited by 59
“Remarkably, toe pads have evolved on multiple occasions in geckos, once in the Diplodactylidae and several times within the Gekkonidae (Russell 1979; Han et al. 2004).”
BackgroundShear Adhesion Strength of Thermoplastic Gecko-Inspired Synthetic Adhesive Exceeds Material Limits
Gillies, A. G., & Fearing, R. S. (2011) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la202085j · Cited by 58
Meng, Q., Wang, Q., Liu, H., & Jiang, L. (2014) · NPG Asia Materials · doi:10.1038/am.2014.70 · Cited by 58
Chen, C., Liu, M., Zhang, L., Hou, Y., Yu, M., & Fu, S. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.8b21494 · Cited by 58
Bioinspired Underwater Propulsors
Buren, T. W. V., Floryan, D., & Smits, A. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139058995.006 · Cited by 57
Deep UV patterning of acrylic masters for molding biomimetic dry adhesives
Sameoto, D., & Menon, C. (2010) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/20/11/115037 · Cited by 57
Biotribology inspires new technologies
Gebeshuber, I. C. (2007) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/s1748-0132(07)70141-x · Cited by 57
Orbital debris removal using micropatterned dry adhesives: Review and recent advances
Ben‐Larbi, M. K., Hensel, R., Atzeni, G., Arzt, E., & Stoll, E. (2022) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2022.100850 · Cited by 56
Exploring the significance of structural hierarchy in material systems—A review
Pan, N. (2014) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/1.4871365 · Cited by 57
Multiscale modelling and simulation of the deformation and adhesion of a single gecko seta
Sauer, R. A. (2009) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255840902802917 · Cited by 56
“Hansen and Autumn (2005) demonstrate that gecko setae are self-cleaning adhesives and suggest that the selfcleaning property is intrinsic to the seta nanostructure.”
Johnson, M. K., & Russell, A. P. (2009) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01075.x · Cited by 55
“…gecko, the setae of Rhoptropus in this area of the digit show characteristics typical of those described in the literature, being fairly long, highly branched, and terminating in spatular tips (Ruibal & Ernst, 1965; Maderson, 1970; Autumn et al. 2000, 2002; Hansen & Autumn, 2005; Guo et al. 2007).”
BackgroundLi, M., Li, W., Guan, Q., Dai, X., Lv, J. W., Xia, Z., Ong, W., Saiz, E., & Hou, X. (2021) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c03882 · Cited by 54
Advanced Interfacial Design for Electronic Skins with Customizable Functionalities and Wearability
Tan, D., & Xu, B. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202306793 · Cited by 56
Rational Design and Nanofabrication of Gecko‐Inspired Fibrillar Adhesives
Hu, S., & Xia, Z. (2012) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201200413 · Cited by 54
Bioinspired Design of Honeycomb Structure Interfaces with Controllable Water Adhesion
Heng, L., Meng, X., Wang, B., & Jiang, L. (2013) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la401991n · Cited by 54
Anisotropic Adhesion of Micropillars with Spatula Pads
Seo, S., Lee, J., Ko, K. H., Ko, K. H., Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2014) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/am4044135 · Cited by 54
3D printing of conch-like scaffolds for guiding cell migration and directional bone growth
Feng, B., Zhang, M., Chen, Q., Zhai, D., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Chang, J., Zhu, Y., & Wu, C. (2022) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.014 · Cited by 53
Geckos’ foot hair structure and their ability to hang from rough surfaces and move quickly
Takahashi, K. T., Berengueres, J. O. L., Obata, K. J., & Saito, S. (2006) · International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives · doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2005.12.002 · Cited by 53
Towards friction and adhesion from high modulus microfiber arrays
Schubert, B., Majidi, C., Groff, R. E., Baek, S., Bush, B., Maboudian, R., & Fearing, R. S. (2007) · Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology · doi:10.1163/156856107782328344 · Cited by 52
Zhang, Z., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Kim, K., & Gao, H. (2011) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la203934z · Cited by 52
The Wetting of Leaf Surfaces and Its Ecological Significances
Wang, H., Shi, H., & Yanhui, W. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/61205 · Cited by 50
Bioinspired Slippery Surfaces for Liquid Manipulation from Tiny Droplet to Bulk Fluid
Wang, G., Ma, F., Zhu, L., Zhu, P., Tang, L., Hu, H., Liu, L., Li, S., Zeng, Z., Wang, L., et al. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202311489 · Cited by 49
Active Switching of Adhesion in a Film-Terminated Fibrillar Structure
Nadermann, N. K., Ning, J., Jagota, A., & Hui, C. (2010) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la102593h · Cited by 49
Dry Self-Cleaning Properties of Hard and Soft Fibrillar Structures
Gillies, A. G., Puthoff, J. B., Cohen, M. J., Autumn, K., & Fearing, R. S. (2013) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/am400839n · Cited by 49
Self-citationErramilli, S., & Genzer, J. (2019) · Soft Matter · doi:10.1039/c9sm00527g · Cited by 48
Fabrication and applications of stimuli‐responsive micro/nanopillar arrays
Park, J. E., Won, S., Cho, W., Kim, J. G., Jhang, S., Lee, J. G., & Wie, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/pol.20210311 · Cited by 51
Climbing with adhesion: from bioinspiration to biounderstanding
Cutkosky, M. R. (2015) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2015.0015 · Cited by 48
Metadata
- Authors
- Hansen, W. R., & Autumn, K.
- Affiliations
- Lewis & Clark College (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Autumn, K.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2005-01-03
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 385-389
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC544316
- OpenAlex
- W2114147125
- Cited by
- 601
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 45.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0304730)
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Keywords
- gecko setae, self-cleaning, van der Waals adhesion, spatulae, Tokay gecko, dry adhesion, contact mechanics, synthetic adhesives
- MeSH terms
- Adhesiveness, Animals, Lizards, Models, Biological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
