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The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis

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Kopp, Robert E., Kirschvink, Joseph L., Hilburn, Isaac A., Nash, Cody Z.·2005·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.0504878102PMC PMC1183582

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Abstract

Although biomarker, trace element, and isotopic evidence have been used to claim that oxygenic photosynthesis evolved by 2.8 giga-annum before present (Ga) and perhaps as early as 3.7 Ga, a skeptical examination raises considerable doubt about the presence of oxygen producers at these times. Geological features suggestive of oxygen, such as red beds, lateritic paleosols, and the return of sedimentary sulfate deposits after a approximately 900-million year hiatus, occur shortly before the approximately 2.3-2.2 Ga Makganyene "snowball Earth" (global glaciation). The massive deposition of Mn, which has a high redox potential, practically requires the presence of environmental oxygen after the snowball. New age constraints from the Transvaal Supergroup of South Africa suggest that all three glaciations in the Huronian Supergroup of Canada predate the Snowball event. A simple cyanobacterial growth model incorporating the range of C, Fe, and P fluxes expected during a partial glaciation in an anoxic world with high-Fe oceans indicates that oxygenic photosynthesis could have destroyed a methane greenhouse and triggered a snowball event on time-scales as short as 1 million years. As the geological evidence requiring oxygen does not appear during the Pongola glaciation at 2.9 Ga or during the Huronian glaciations, we argue that oxygenic cyanobacteria evolved and radiated shortly before the Makganyene snowball.

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Authors: Kopp, R. E., Kirschvink, J. L., Hilburn, I. A., & Nash, C. Z.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
ORCID: Kopp, Robert E.
Kirschvink, Joseph L.
Hilburn, Isaac A.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2005-08
Volume: 102
Issue: 32
Pages: 11131-11136
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504878102
PMC: PMC1183582
OpenAlex: W2145815106
Cited by: 565
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 25.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Keywords: Snowball Earth, oxygenic photosynthesis, cyanobacteria, Transvaal Supergroup, Huronian Supergroup, red beds, manganese deposition, global glaciation, anoxic oceans, Paleoproterozoic
MeSH terms: Cyanobacteria, Carbon, Climate, Biological Evolution, Fossils, Geology, Iron, Manganese, Models, Biological, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Photosynthesis, Sulfur, Time Factors, Triterpenes, Earth, Planet, Ice Cover, Geological Phenomena

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The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis

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