Cited by 355Amphibian and Reptile BiologyFreshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecologyEcology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies

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Amphibian and reptile declines over 35 years at La Selva, Costa Rica

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Whitfield, Steven M., Bell, Kristen E., Philippi, Thomas, Sasa, Mahmood, Bolaños, Federico, Chaves, Gerardo, Savage, Jay M., Donnelly, Maureen A.·2007·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.0611256104PMC PMC1895953

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Abstract

Amphibians stand at the forefront of a global biodiversity crisis. More than one-third of amphibian species are globally threatened, and over 120 species have likely suffered global extinction since 1980. Most alarmingly, many rapid declines and extinctions are occurring in pristine sites lacking obvious adverse effects of human activities. The causes of these “enigmatic” declines remain highly contested. Still, lack of long-term data on amphibian populations severely limits our understanding of the distribution of amphibian declines, and therefore the ultimate causes of these declines. Here, we identify a systematic community-wide decline in populations of terrestrial amphibians at La Selva Biological Station, a protected old-growth lowland rainforest in lower Central America. We use data collected over 35 years to show that population density of all species of terrestrial amphibians has declined by ≈75% since 1970, and we show identical trends for all species of common reptiles. The trends we identify are neither consistent with recent emergence of chytridiomycosis nor the climate-linked epidemic hypothesis, two leading putative causes of enigmatic amphibian declines. Instead, our data suggest that declines are due to climate-driven reductions in the quantity of standing leaf litter, a critical microhabitat for amphibians and reptiles in this assemblage. Our results raise further concerns about the global persistence of amphibian populations by identifying widespread declines in species and habitats that are not currently recognized as susceptible to such risks.

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Authors: Whitfield, S. M., Bell, K. E., Philippi, T., Sasa, M., Bolaños, F., Chaves, G., Savage, J. M., & Donnelly, M. A.
Affiliations: Florida International University (US)
*Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park Campus, OE 167, Miami, FL 33199;
Universidad de Costa Rica (CR)
Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; and
San Diego State University (US)
ORCID: Whitfield, Steven M.
Sasa, Mahmood
Bolaños, Federico
Savage, Jay M.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2007-05-15
Volume: 104
Issue: 20
Pages: 8352-8356
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611256104
PMC: PMC1895953
OpenAlex: W1990549687
Cited by: 355
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 20.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9200081)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Florida International University
Universidad de Costa Rica
Division of Environmental Biology
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Amphibian and Reptile Biology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Keywords: amphibian decline, terrestrial amphibians, reptiles, leaf litter, climate change, chytridiomycosis, lowland rainforest, La Selva Biological Station, long-term population monitoring
MeSH terms: Amphibians, Animals, Climate, Costa Rica, Reptiles, Plant Leaves, Extinction, Biological

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Amphibian and reptile declines over 35 years at La Selva, Costa Rica

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