Anterior-posterior positional information in the absence of a strong Bicoid gradient
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The Bicoid (Bcd) transcription factor is distributed as a long-range concentration gradient along the anterior posterior (AP) axis of the Drosophila embryo. Bcd is required for the activation of a series of target genes, which are expressed at specific positions within the gradient. Here we directly tested whether different concentration thresholds within the Bcd gradient establish the relative positions of its target genes by flattening the gradient and systematically varying expression levels. Genome-wide expression profiles were used to estimate the total number of Bcd target genes, and a general correlation was found between the Bcd concentration required for activation and the positions where target genes are expressed in wild-type embryos. However, concentrations required for target gene activation in embryos with flattened Bcd were consistently lower than those present at each target gene's position in the wild-type gradient, suggesting that Bcd is in excess at every position along the AP axis. Also, several Bcd target genes were positioned in correctly ordered stripes in embryos with flattened Bcd, and we suggest that these stripes are normally regulated by interactions between Bcd and the terminal patterning system. Our findings argue strongly against the strict interpretation of the Bcd morphogen hypothesis, and support the idea that target gene positioning involves combinatorial interactions that are mediated by the binding site architecture of each gene's cis -regulatory elements.
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In the Bicoid patterning system, absolute concentration thresholds of Bicoid are not the only determinate factors.
“In another example involving the Bicoid patterning system, a recent study of gradient interpretation directly shows that absolute concentration thresholds of Bicoid are not the only determinate factors in this system, likely because there are multiple spatially dependent inputs to Bicoid target genes (see hypothetical scenario in Fig. 5B) (Ochoa-Espinosa et al. 2009).”
From Graded dorsal and differential gene regulation in the Drosophila embryo. (2009) · cites this paper as Ochoa-Espinosa et al. 2009
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- Authors
- Ochoa-Espinosa, A., Yu, D., Tsirigos, A., Struffi, P., & Small, S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-03-10
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3823-3828
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2656164
- OpenAlex
- W2017061894
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM051946, GM51946)
- National Center for Research Resources (C06 RR1551801, C06RR015518)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- Bicoid, morphogen gradients, anterior-posterior axis, Drosophila embryo, cis-regulatory elements, combinatorial gene regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drosophila melanogaster, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Models, Biological, Trans-Activators, Homeodomain Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Body Patterning, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Drosophila Proteins, Genome, Insect
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