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Fibrillar amyloid-β burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Fibrillar amyloid-beta (Aβ) is found in the brains of many cognitively normal older people. Whether or not this reflects a predisposition to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown. We used Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) PET to characterize the relationship between fibrillar Aβ burden and this predisposition in cognitively normal older people at 3 mean levels of genetic risk for AD. Dynamic PiB PET scans, the Logan method, statistical parametric mapping, and automatically labeled regions of interest (ROIs) were used to characterize and compare cerebral-to-cerebellar PIB distribution volume ratios, reflecting fibrillar Aβ burden, in 28 cognitively normal persons (mean age, 64 years) with a reported family history of AD and 2 copies, 1 copy, and no copies of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele. The 8 ε4 homozygotes, 8 heterozygotes, and 12 noncarriers did not differ significantly in terms of age, sex, or cognitive scores. Fibrillar Aβ was significantly associated with APOE ε4 carrier status and ε4 gene dose in AD-affected mean cortical, frontal, temporal, posterior cingulate-precuneus, parietal, and basal ganglia ROIs, and was highest in an additional homozygote who had recently developed mild cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that fibrillar Aβ burden in cognitively normal older people is associated with APOE ε4 gene dose, the major genetic risk factor for AD. Additional studies are needed to track fibrillar Aβ accumulation in persons with different kinds and levels of AD risk; to determine the extent to which fibrillar Aβ, alone or in combination with other biomarkers and risk factors, predicts rates of cognitive decline and conversion to clinical AD; and to establish the role of fibrillar Aβ imaging in primary prevention trials.
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“Crossing a transgenic mouse model of AD that has high levels of human Aβ in the brain with human APOE targeted replacement mice demonstrated age-dependent and APOE isoform-dependent (E4>>E3>E2) Aβ deposition and amyloid burden in the brain in a manner that recapitulates the human condition observed in pre-symptomatic elderly APOE4 carriers as well as AD patients.18–21”
From AAVrh.10-Mediated APOE2 Central Nervous System Gene Therapy for APOE4-Associated Alzheimer's Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the amyloid deposition spreads, and the disease pathogenesis progressively involves a broad region of the brain”
From AAVrh.10-Mediated APOE2 Central Nervous System Gene Therapy for APOE4-Associated Alzheimer's Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The association of the APOE4 isoform with amyloid deposition has been well established in human studies, where APOE4 carriers exhibit higher A β plaque burden and earlier onset of amyloid positivity compared with non-carriers 35 -37 .”
From APOE2 attenuates APOE4-associated amyloid pathology and related toxicity in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
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In the citing paper
“APOE status has been found to modulate the onset of extracellular amyloid plaque deposition, one of the key pathognomonic features of the disease (6, 7).”
From Human ApoE isoforms differentially regulate brain amyloid-β peptide clearance (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Additionally, the APOE ε4 allele increases brain amyloid burden assessed by PIB-PET imaging in a gene dose-dependent manner (6).”
From Human ApoE isoforms differentially regulate brain amyloid-β peptide clearance (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
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“APOE isoform-dependent amyloid deposition has been consistently observed in humans and Aβ depositing mouse models (Holtzman et al., 2000; Bales et al., 2009; Reiman et al., 2009; Morris et al., 2010).”
From Haploinsufficiency of Human APOE Reduces Amyloid Deposition in a Mouse Model of Amyloid-β Amyloidosis (2011) · cites this paper as Reiman et al., 2009
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“The ε4 allele increased brain amyloid burden in a dose-dependent manner in normal elderly individuals and in mild cognitive impairment patients [93,94].”
From Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E, APOE genotype and risk of dementia and ischemic heart disease: A review (2016) · cites this paper as [93]
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“This finding has now been confirmed more directly in a study that showed cognitively normal subjects had an ε4 dose-dependent increase in fibrillar Aβ burden in brain as detected with an amyloid imaging agent (Reiman et al., 2009).”
From The role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease (2009) · cites this paper as Reiman et al., 2009
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“This possibility has remained unaddressed, because case–control studies without neuropathological or biomarker assessments of AD may have underestimated the impact of APOE genotypes on Alzheimer’s dementia ORs due to the confounding effects of APOE genotypes on the percentages of neuropathologically misclassified cases and controls8–10.”
From Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Due to the prioritized ascertainment of those cases who met the clinical and neuropathological criteria for Alzheimer’s dementia and those unimpaired controls without AD, the number of misclassified cases and controls available through the AD Genetics Consortium12 is much smaller than our estimated number of neuropathologically misclassified cases and controls8–11, limiting our ability to clarify”
From Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
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“In a previous autopsy study, we found that 25% of persons with the clinical diagnosis of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s dementia lacked at least moderately frequent neuritic plaques, one of the cardinal features of AD, including 37% of APOE4 non-carriers and 13% of carriers, findings that are consistent with those in living patients9,10.”
From Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Reiman, E. M., Chen, K., Liu, X., Bandy, D., Yu, M., Lee, W., Ayutyanont, N., Keppler, J., Reeder, S. A., Langbaum, J. B. S., Alexander, G. E., Klunk, W. E., Mathis, C. A., Price, J. C., Aizenstein, H. J., DeKosky, S. T., & Caselli, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (US)
- Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Departments of iPsychiatry,
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-04-21
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 6820-6825
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2665196
- OpenAlex
- W2171346860
- Semantic Scholar
- 50d5adab23ba1a800626a6f613f94a2c667b07e4
- Cited by
- 785
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 45.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- McKnight Foundation
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG025526, R01AG018402, P01AG025204, RF1AG025516, P50AG005133, R01AG031581, P30AG019610, R37AG025516)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH070729, R01MH057899)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- fibrillar amyloid-beta, Alzheimer's disease, APOE ε4, genetic risk, cognitively normal older adults, Pittsburgh compound B PET, family history of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, primary prevention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Heterozygote, Homozygote, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Gene Dosage, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Apolipoprotein E4
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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