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Axl is an essential epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-induced regulator of breast cancer metastasis and patient survival
Open accessAbstract
Metastasis underlies the majority of cancer-related deaths. Thus, furthering our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that enable tumor cell dissemination is a vital health issue. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) endow carcinoma cells with enhanced migratory and survival attributes that facilitate malignant progression. Characterization of EMT effectors is likely to yield new insights into metastasis and novel avenues for treatment. We show that the presence of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl in primary breast cancers independently predicts strongly reduced overall patient survival, and that matched patient metastatic lesions show enhanced Axl expression. We demonstrate that Axl is strongly induced by EMT in immortalized mammary epithelial cells that establishes an autocrine signaling loop with its ligand, Gas6. Epiallelic RNA interference analysis in metastatic breast cancer cells delineated a distinct threshold of Axl expression for mesenchymal-like in vitro cell invasiveness and formation of tumors in foreign and tissue-engineered microenvironments in vivo. Importantly, in two different optical imaging-based experimental breast cancer models, Axl knockdown completely prevented the spread of highly metastatic breast carcinoma cells from the mammary gland to lymph nodes and several major organs and increased overall survival. These findings suggest that Axl represents a downstream effector of the tumor cell EMT that is required for breast cancer metastasis. Thus, the detection and targeted treatment of Axl-expressing tumors represents an important new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
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“A growing body of literature supports an essential role for AXL in promoting metastasis within many tumor types, including breast (81), ovarian (82), and lung (83).”
From Hypoxic control of metastasis (2016) · cites this paper as [81]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gjerdrum, C., Tiron, C., Høiby, T., Stefansson, I., Haugen, H., Sandal, T., Collett, K., Li, S., McCormack, E., Gjertsen, B. T., Micklem, D. R., Akslen, L. A., Glackin, C., & Lorens, J. B.
- Affiliations
- Department of Biomedicine
- The Gade Institute, Pathology Section
- Beckman Research Institute (US)
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-12-28
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1124-1129
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2824310
- OpenAlex
- W2003445065
- Cited by
- 594
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 12.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Helse Vest
- Universitetet i Bergen
- Norges Forskningsråd
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R21CA107245, CA107245)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mechanisms of cancer metastasis
- Keywords
- AXL, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, breast cancer metastasis, Gas6, autocrine signaling, patient survival, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, therapeutic target, mammary epithelial cells
- MeSH terms
- Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Animals, Breast Neoplasms, Epithelial Cells, Female, Humans, Mesoderm, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Metastasis, Prognosis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Oncogene Proteins, Survival Analysis, Mice, SCID, Mice, Inbred NOD, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Tissue Engineering, RNA Interference, Mice
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