Phonological decisions require both the left and right supramarginal gyri

“When focal online TMS disrupts task performance, one can determine the individual intensity threshold for inducing a perturbation (Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”

“…passes through and connects to the inferior supramarginal gyrus (iSMGSMG) (Parker et al., 2005; M.A.L.R. et al., unpublished data), which plays a critical role in human phonological processing (Hartwigsen et al., 2010) and acts as a sound-motor interface in primates (Rauschecker and Scott, 2009).”

“…literature — though the more clearly bilateral nature of attention (than phonology) may itself generate behavioral differences in unilateral patients (one might expect performance on bottom-up attention tasks to be more robust due to bilateral involvement, though see Hartwigsen et al. 2010).”

“, 2012) and functional neuroimaging studies frequently reveal supramarginal gyrus activation in association with speech production and phonological processing (Shuster and Lemieux, 2005; Moser et al., 2009; Fridriksson et al., 2010; Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”

“These areas are crucial for receptive and expressive language, particularly phonology and articulation, and are consistently included in traditional and modern models of language (Eggert, 1977; Berker et al., 1986; Hickok and Poeppel, 2004; Indefrey and Levelt, 2004; Vigneau et al., 2006; Hickok and Poeppel, 2007; Hic…”

“…by functional MRI or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation studies (Dronkers, 1996; Vigneau et al., 2006; Rauschecker and Scott, 2009; Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Price, 2010), and also in controlled semantic processing by functional MRI, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and…”

“…patterns seen in musically experienced and AD(H)D children suggest that musical activities may be beneficial not only for auditory (Kraus and Chandrasekaran, 2010) but also for attentional, linguistic, and literacy skills (Golestani et al., 2007; Wong et al., 2008; Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”

“We have determined the individual intensity threshold for inducing a virtual lesion effect in a previous study with application of rTMS during a language task (17).”

“Recent evidences with transcranial magnetic cerebral stimulation demonstrated that accuracy and reaction times of phonological (not semantic, not perceptual) decisions may be selectively disrupted if stimulation is applied to the left, right, or bilateral SMG ( Hartwigsen et al. 2010 ).”

“…pars opercularis) and the left supramarginal gyrus are involved in and even necessary for phonological processing and for subvocal rehearsal in verbal working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Zatorre et al., 1996; Burton et al., 2000; Nixon et al., 2004; Gough et al., 2005; Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”

“2003), lesion and more recent TMS studies suggest the right supramarginal gyrus plays an important role in phonological processing (Hartwigsen et al. 2010).”

“The latter study showed that inhibition of the supramarginal gyrus interferes with performance in a phonological task (Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”

“The supramarginal gyrus is involved in phonological perception and decision making (Hartwigsen et al. 2010; AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T Buchsbaum et al. 2008; McDermott et al. 2003; Price et al. 1997) although it typically does not show up in speech comprehension tasks (Hickok and Poeppel, 2007;…”

“On the other hand, the supramarginal gyrus has been shown to activate in phonological decision making (Hartwigsen et al., 2010) and is thought to be a part of the phonological store and the articulatory rehearsal system, aided by the precentral gyrus and the supplementary motor areas (Chen and…”

“In contrast, other studies found a deterioration in task performance after both left- or right-hemisphere TMS in some patients with brain lesions of the left hemisphere(94,95) or in healthy subjects.(96,97) In a someow complementary approach, another recent study aimed to ncrease cortical excitability in perilesional…”

“Transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the SMG could selectively disrupt phonological decoding (Hartwig- sen et al., 2010).”

“…to the visual word presentation onset was applied to the predefined stimulation points in SMG, phonological judgments were reliably delayed (Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Romero et al., 2006; Sliwinska et al., 2012; Stoeckel et al., 2009),whereas semantic judgments were facilitated (Harpaz et…”

“These findings are consistent with previous studies that found TMS of SMG increased response times across a range of phonological tasks including initial sound similarity, stress assignment in multi-syllable words, and digit span (Romero, Walsh, & Papagno, 2006), syllable counting (Hartwigsen et al., 2010), and audito…”

“Moreover, the role of the bilateral supramarginal gyri for phonological decisions (Hartwigsen et al., 2010) suggests increased activity within this region to represent a compensation mechanism specifically involving language-related processing.”

“Findings from this study provide converging evidence with previous lesion mapping studies (Fridriksson et al., 2010; Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Schwartz et al., 2012; Kümmerer et al., 2013; Butler et al., 2014; Halai et al., 2017) and prominent models of language processing (Hickok and Poeppel, 2004; Saur et al.”

“In the same line, transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the SMG selectively disrupts phonological decoding [Hartwigsen et al., 2010].”

“…and language-related control, including speech motor learning, sensorimotor adaptation, phonological processing and decisions, monitoring the onset of speech, and recognizing and responding to auditory errors (Hartwigsen et al. 2010; Hickok and Poeppel 2007; Kort et al. 2014; Shum et al. 2011).”

“…SMG or sham cTBS) was counterbalanced across subjects to the best possible degree. cTBS was performed using the mean Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates for the left AG (x, y, z= 42,–66, 28 mm) and SMG (x, y, z= 45,–39, 45 mm) described in our previous study (Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”

“…(Price et al., 1997) during reading, with the comprehension of complex verbal material (Klepousniotou et al., 2014), and in phonological processing (Hartwigsen et al., 2010), and right superior temporal/parahippocampal gyri (BA 38), for which activation is associated with the processing of verbal…”

“(6) showed that the left and the right pIFG essentially contribute to phonological decision-making.”

“Based on performance decrements after inhibitory TMS, other studies have also suggested that right hemisphere areas may be involved to some degree in phonology and naming in healthy people [53, 54].”

“Some authors have proposed a relation to phonological processing (Moser et al., 2009; Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Turkeltaub and Coslett, 2010), while others propose a role restricted to the sensorimotor control of writing (Brownsett and Wise, 2010).”

“, 2007] than in phonological processing [Hartwigsen et al., 2010], we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task in 10 post-lingual deaf subjects and 10 normal-hearing controls.”

“Recent evidence points to the recruitment of the right SMG in detecting intersensory conflict [36] and making decision [72].”

“Considering language functions, posterior superior temporal and inferior supramarginal gyri are involved in extraction of spectro-temporal features of sound(41) and extraction and maintenance of phonological representations.(42) These specific functions, in turn, may be supported by shared neurophysiological mechanism…”

“, 2010), and has been strongly linked to a range of phonological processes (Hartwigsen et al., 2010; McDermott, Petersen, Watson, & Ojemann, 2003), including involvement in the phonological loop of verbal working memory (Vigneau et al.”

“Here, we observed a deficit in gyrification in regions involved with language functions, namely in regions belonging to the Broca’s complex (pars opercularis, pars orbitalis, pars triangularis) [76,77], superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus [78,79] and supramarginal gyrus [80,81].”

“This stimulation protocol has already been used over the inferior parietal cortex to induce inhibitory effects during language (Capotosto et al., 2017; Sliwinska et al., 2015; Hartwigsen et al., 2010) and nonlinguistic processing (Riddle, Scimeca, Cellier, Dhanani, & D’Esposito, 2020), which is consistent with the inh…”

“The SMG has been found to have an active role in language comprehension, specific to phonological processes [Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Sliwinska et al., 2012; Turkeltaub et al. 2003].”

“…the supramarginal gyrus, and the superior temporal gyrus, areas involved in language, including speech production (for data and references, see Hartwigsen et al. 2010; Friederici 2011; Geranmayeh et al. 2014; Kamali et al. 2014) while lesion of the isthmus itself cause dissociation of syntax…”

“…region, the right supramarginal gyrus, interefered with word production [Sollmann et al., 2014] and inhibited phonological decision making, but not semantic decision making, the latter of which would be better captured in the covert naming phase [Cogan et al., 2014; Hartwigsen et al., 2010].”

“Nonparametric permutation testing (1000 repetitions) was conducted to test the statistical significance of the ALS-related differences in global and regional network parameters (Bruno et al., 2017; He et al., 2008).”

“Finally, the third region was the right supramarginal gyrus, which is reported to be important for phonological processing (Hartwigsen et al. 2010) and overcoming emotional egocentricity (Silani et al.”

“…test (IAT) has been used extensively to quantify the degree of implicit bias which may not be measured using explicit self-reported questionnaire entries (Greenwald et al., 1998, 2009; Mcconnell and Leibold, 2001; Bertrand et al., 2005; Devos and Banaji, 2005; Kinoshita and Peek-O’leary, 2005).”

“, and Siebner, H. R. (2010). Phonological decisions require both the left and right”

“Only the second coil was connected to the stimulator and charged without effectively stimulating the brain (see Hartwigsen et al., 2010, for a similar sham procedure).”

“The strongest support for bilateral involvement in phonological processing comes from fMRI and TMS explorations in neurological-intact participants (e.g. Binder et al., 2000; Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”

“These regions may play a minor role in language functions in everyone (Hartwigsen et al., 2010), perhaps as developmental remnants of early bilateral language networks (Newport et al.”

“…participants make decisions about the sounds of words (i.e., their phonology) in contrast to decisions about their meanings (i.e., their semantics; Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Devlin, Matthews, & Rushworth, 2003; McDermott, Petersen, Watson, & Ojemann, 2003; Price, Moore, Humphreys, & Wise, 1997).”

“5) that has also been implicated in speech production (e.g., Sollmann et al., 2014 (right SMG); Hartwigsen et al., 2010 (bilateral SMG); Schwartz, Faseyitan, Kim, & Coslett, 2012).”

“The left and right supramarginal gyri have been shown to be involved in phonological processing, as observed using transcranial magnetic stimulation [58].”

“…pars opercularis, or Brodmann’s area (BA) 44, and the left supramarginal gyrus within the left inferior parietal cortex, are involved in and even necessary for phonological processing and for subvocal rehearsal in verbal working memory (Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993).”

“While conventional paradigms apply uni-site TMS over a single cortical area, more recent studies have also started to include multi-site TMS over two or more areas simultaneously (Hartwigsen, Baumgaertner, et al, 2010 ; Hartwigsen, Price, et al, 2010 ).”

“A recent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study also found selective disruptions of phonological processing when TMS was applied over the SMG, but not when it was applied over AG [64].”

“These results are consistent with the literature associating this region with language comprehension and decision-making (Hartwigsen et al. 2010), and cortical thinning of the parietal lobe has been associated with attention deficits in first-episode psychosis patients in contrast to healthy controls (Crespo-Facorro e…”

“, 2005; Gierhan, 2013) and involved in speech production and perception as well as verbal working memory (Hartwigsen et al., 2010; Turkeltaub and Coslett, 2010; Zevin et al., 2010; Deschamps et al., 2014; Simmonds et al., 2014; Simonyan and Fuertinger, 2015).”

“Indeed, subcortical regions and supramarginal gyrus are suggested to be involved into language processing in recent studies (Ardila et al., 2016; Hartwigsen et al., 2010), as well as visual processing (Gabay et al.”

“The right SMG has been implicated in phonological processing (Hartwigsen et al., 2010; McDermott, Petersen, Watson, & Ojemann, 2003), emotional perception (Adolphs, Damasio, Tranel, Cooper, & Damasio, 2000), and empathic judgments (Silani, Lamm, Ruff, & Singer, 2013).”

“Several authors have held the placing of electrodes by the 10–20 international EEG system, particularly in tDCS studies that use large electrode sizes, to be sufficiently precise, and the use of EEG electrode has been shown to be an appropriate method of localisation by neuronavigation techniques (Herwig, Satrapi, & S…”

“…reaction times rather modulated task-related activity in areas previously associated with working memory (left and right supramarginal gyrus; e.g. Hartwigsen et al., 2010), action planning, motor control and preparation of speech movements (supplementary motor area; Braun et al.,…”