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A functional genomic perspective on human well-being
Open accessAbstract
To identify molecular mechanisms underlying the prospective health advantages associated with psychological well-being, we analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles in 80 healthy adults who were assessed for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, as well as potentially confounded negative psychological and behavioral factors. Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being showed similar affective correlates but highly divergent transcriptome profiles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from people with high levels of hedonic well-being showed up-regulated expression of a stress-related conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) involving increased expression of proinflammatory genes and decreased expression of genes involved in antibody synthesis and type I IFN response. In contrast, high levels of eudaimonic well-being were associated with CTRA down-regulation. Promoter-based bioinformatics implicated distinct patterns of transcription factor activity in structuring the observed differences in gene expression associated with eudaimonic well-being (reduced NF-κB and AP-1 signaling and increased IRF and STAT signaling). Transcript origin analysis identified monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes as primary cellular mediators of these dynamics. The finding that hedonic and eudaimonic well-being engage distinct gene regulatory programs despite their similar effects on total well-being and depressive symptoms implies that the human genome may be more sensitive to qualitative variations in well-being than are our conscious affective experiences.
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“The CTRA can also be activated by modernday social, symbolic, anticipated, and imagined threats, however, leading to increased risk for several inflammation-related conditions, including depression”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al., 2013
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“they can also be separated in that they seem to correlate with different neurobiological systems (Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
From Blended care in the treatment of subthreshold symptoms of depression and psychosis in emerging adults: A randomised controlled trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Daily-Life (ACT-DL) (2020) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al., 2013
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“Finally, a small study analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles and reported distinct gene expression profiles for hedonic (positive affect) versus eudaimonic (striving, purpose) wellbeing (Fredrickson et al. 2013)”
From Genetics of Wellbeing and Its Components Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, and Quality of Life: A Review and Meta-analysis of Heritability Studies (2015) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al. 2013
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“Additionally, a study that examined gene transcriptional profiles found that eudaimonic well-being (an overarching umbrella term that includes purpose) was associated with enhanced expression of antiviral response genes and reduced expression of proinflammatory genes (31).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Fredrickson and colleagues found that high levels of eudaimonic well-being were associated with significantly lower levels of CTRA-related gene expression (i.e., a more favorable, or less threatened, molecular profile) [54].”
From Human Social Genomics (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, people who showed comparatively high levels of hedonic well-being relative to their level of eudaimonic well-being showed significantly elevated CTRA gene expression (above and beyond any effects of hedonistic behavioral factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, or adiposity).”
From Human Social Genomics (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), and is characterized by increased proinflammatory and reduced antiviral skewing of the basal gene expression profile”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al, 2013
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“which increases an individual's risk for both viral infection and inflammation-related disease”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al, 2013
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“The impetus for this research was inspired by a wealth of research showing e that developing caring and compassion-focused motives for self and others has a range of benefits: on genetic expression [14, 31, 109], physiological processes [9, 68, 71, 73, 107, 108], psychological processes [63, 64, 66, 108], and social relationships [16, 18, 100].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
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Self-citationDivergent gene expression responses to Complicated Grief and Non-complicated Grief
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“…RELB), and 34 genes involved in Type I interferon responses (GBP1, IFI16, IFI27, IFI27L1-2, IFI30, IFI35, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIH1, IFIT1-3, IFIT5, IFIT1L, IFITM1-3, IFITM4P, IFITM5, IFNB1, IRF2, IRF7-8, MX1-2, OAS1-3, OASL) and antibody synthesis (IGJ, IGLL1, IGLL3) (Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
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“Exploratory analyses also examined the average expression of 34 antiviral- and antibody-related gene transcripts that comprise the inverse component of the CTRA profile (e.g., IFNB, IRF7, IFI27, MX1, OAS1, etc.; Fredrickson et al., 2013), although we had no a priori hypothesis about this gene set in the context of pre…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCan a Theory of Human Flourishing be Formulated? Toward a Science of Flourishing
Fowers, B. J., Novak, L. F., Calder, A. J., & Kiknadze, N. C. (2024) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680231225223 · Cited by 56
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BackgroundPositive Psychology in Lifestyle Medicine and Health Care: Strategies for Implementation
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“This differentiation touches on distinctions between hedonists versus non-hedonist, hedonic versus eudaimonic well-being or subjective versus psychological well-being (e.g. Keyes et al. 2002; Fredrickson et al. 2013, 2015).”
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“…volitional, valuesdirected activities such as investing time in younger generations, as well as for immunological health as highlighted by recent research that found eudaimonic rather than hedonic well-being to be associated with lower proinflammatory genetic expression (Fredrickson et al. 2013).”
BackgroundReplication initiatives will not salvage the trustworthiness of psychology
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“I wrote a letter to the editor [51] concerning a paper in a prominent journal that reported extraordinary effects of psychological processes on physical health through modification of gene expression [52].”
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BackgroundSelf-citationOf Passions and Positive Spontaneous Thoughts
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“Many prevalent measures of quality of life tend to emphasize hedonic aspects of well-being, such as affect and life satisfaction, while neglecting eudaimonic aspects [33,34].”
BackgroundGrip on health: A complex systems approach to transform health care
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“2 Data from this NIH-supported study (R01NR012899) have been reported on elsewhere (i.e., leukocyte gene expression data and self-reports of well-being were reported in Fredrickson et al., 2013, 2015, Discovery Study) and will continue to support other and related investigations.”
MethodSelf-citationThe untapped power of allostasis promoted by healthy lifestyles
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“Point estimates of differential gene expression served as input for higher-order TELiS analyses because previous research has found this approach to yield more reliable results than gene lists based on p-values or False Discovery Rate q-values (Cole et al., 2003; Fredrickson et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2008; Witten and…”
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“Considered a robust contributor to eudaimonic well-being, which differs from hedonic well-being in its emphasis on meaning and enhanced functioning, vitality is related to beneficial immune and anti-viral responses and better selfreported quality of life [8, 21, 28], perhaps via the mental energization and behavioral…”
BackgroundSocrates’ Dissatisfaction, a Happiness Arms Race, and the Trouble with Eudaimonic Well-Being
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“The CTRA also involves decreases in expression of genes involved in innate antiviral responses and antibody synthesis through the inhibition of transcription factors such as interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) (Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWhy Negative Feelings are Important when Assessing Well-Being
Grinde, B. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9667-z · Cited by 29
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“Thus, individuals may sometimes indulge in hedonic happiness to escape the painful effort of pursuing meaningfulness (e.g., Fredrickson et al. 2013).”
BackgroundJutagir, D. R., Blomberg, B. B., Carver, C. S., Lechner, S. C., Timpano, K. R., Bouchard, L. C., Gudenkauf, L. M., Jacobs, J. M., Diaz, A., Lutgendorf, S. K., et al. (2017) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4316-3 · Cited by 30
“To generate RNA expression units (log2), RNA was extracted from PBMCs, quality assured for mass and integrity, and assayed by Illumina Human HT-12 v3 Expression BeadChips, with gene abundance estimates derived from low-level fluorescence intensity values, quantile normalized with Illumina Genome Studio software, and l…”
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“Since eudaimonic well-being’s conceptualization, research has demonstrated that it uniquely contributes to both physical and mental health (Fredrickson et al., 2013; Huta & Ryan, 2010; Matthews, Owens, Edmundowicz, Lee, & Kuller, 2006; Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryff, Singer, & Love, 2004; Steger,…”
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“For well-being, genes associated with hedonic well-being were obtained from Supplementary File D01 of Fredrickson et al. (2013).”
MethodPositive mental well-being and immune transcriptional profiles in highly involved videogame players
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“These two types of well-being, although correlated, are conceptually distinct (Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002) and depend on different gene expression and regulation profiles (Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInsights into psychosis risk from leukocyte microRNA expression
Jeffries, C. D., Perkins, D. O., Chandler, S. D., Stark, T., Yeo, E., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., et al. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.148 · Cited by 29
“However, as explained by Fredrickson et al. , 42 it can indeed happen that the association between a set of markers and phenotypes reaches a high level of reliability while individual markers in the same set fail to do so.”
Brown, K., Roux, A. V. D., Smith, J. A., Needham, B. L., Mukherjee, B., Ware, E. B., Liu, Y., Cole, S. W., Seeman, T. E., & Kardia, S. L. R. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104654 · Cited by 27
“Similar studies have been limited by very small sample sizes (Antoni et al., 2012; Steve W Cole et al., 2007; Steven W Cole et al., 2012; Fredrickson et al., 2013; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2008; O’Connor et al., 2014; Powell et al., 2013; Vedhara et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationYan, W., Zhang, L., Li, W., You, X., & Kong, F. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114867 · Cited by 28
Directed motivational currents: A systematic review
Jahedizadeh, S., & Al‐Hoorie, A. H. (2021) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.4.3 · Cited by 26
“In fact, some research (Fredrickson et al., 2013) even suggests that the eudaimonic-hedonic distinction might be genetically-determined and beyond conscious experience (for more on these controversial findings, see Brown et al., 2014; Fredrickson, 2016).”
Genomic mechanisms of fatigue in survivors of colorectal cancer
Black, D. S., Cole, S. W., Christodoulou, G., & Figueiredo, J. C. (2018) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.31356 · Cited by 28
“average RNA expression over the 4-standard deviation [SD] range of normal variation in scale scores).(19)”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe Complete State Model of Mental Health
Keyes, C. L. M., & Martin, C. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316339275.009 · Cited by 29
Well-being and Long-term Physical Activity Participation in Midlife Adults: A Latent Class Analysis
Rector, J. L., Christ, S. L., & Friedman, E. M. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay016 · Cited by 30
Transcriptomic analyses of black women in neighborhoods with high levels of violence
Lee, M. J., Rittschof, C. C., Greenlee, A. J., Turi, K. N., Rodriguez‐Zas, S. L., Robinson, G. E., Cole, S. W., & Mendenhall, R. M. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105174 · Cited by 27
Self-citationInternal Motivation, Instrumental Motivation, and Eudaimonia
Schwartz, B. N., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_8 · Cited by 25
“This is so even in the face of evidence that well-being rooted in the eudaimonic framework (rather than the hedonic) is associated with better immune response at the cellular level (Fredrickson et al., 2013, Fredrickson, Chap.”
BackgroundUchida, Y., Nakayama, M., & Bowen, K. S. (2022) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214221109584 · Cited by 29
“…antibodies; Cole, 2014) was observed to be reduced in Japanese workers who perceived high levels of interdependence and eudaimonic well-being (e.g., purpose), whereas hedonic well-being (e.g., pleasure) was unrelated to this inflammation mechanism (Fredrickson et al., 2013; Kitayama et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSocial genomics of healthy and disordered internet gaming
Snodgrass, J. G., Dengah, H. J. F., Lacy, M. G., Else, R. J., Polzer, E. R., Arevalo, J. M. G., & Cole, S. W. (2018) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23146 · Cited by 24
“The primary outcome analyzed in this study was a contrast computed over 53 previously specified CTRA indicator genes (Fredrickson et al., 2013, 2015), including 19 pro-inflammatory genes (IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL8, TNF, PTGS1, PTGS2, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JUN, JUNB, JUND, NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA,…”
MethodSelf-citationYoung, R. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01255 · Cited by 25
“M. (1972). Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in”
BackgroundInfluentialPenedo, F. J., Antoni, M. H., Moreno, P. I., Traeger, L. N., Perdomo, D. M., Dahn, J. R., Miller, G. E., Cole, S. W., Orjuela, J., Pizarro, E., et al. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.06.010 · Cited by 24
“Bioinformatics analyses will test for intervention-induced reductions in expression of an a priori-defined set of pro-inflammatory genes [44] as well as promoter sequence-based indications of reduced activity of pro-inflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMastering Stress: Mental Skills and Emotional Regulation for Surgical Performance and Life
Anton, N. E., Lebares, C. C., Karipidis, T., & Stefanidis, D. (2021) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2021.01.009 · Cited by 29
“22 A key component of ‘broaden and build’ recognizes that one’s perception of having adequate abilities is based on both past performance and one’s sense of self.”
West, T. N., Zhou, J., Brantley, M. M., Kim, S. L., Brantley, J. G., Salzberg, S., Cole, S. W., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01857-z · Cited by 26
Self-citationThe genomic impact of kindness to self vs. others: A randomized controlled trial
Regan, A., Fritz, M. M., Walsh, L. C., Lyubomirsky, S., & Cole, S. W. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.159 · Cited by 27
Self-citationMaternal early life stress is associated with pro-inflammatory processes during pregnancy
Leal, A. S. M., Silvers, J. A., Carroll, J., Cole, S. W., Ross, K. M., Ramey, S. L., Shalowitz, M. U., & Schetter, C. D. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.012 · Cited by 23
Self-citationFamilism and inflammatory processes in African American, Latino, and White youth.
Chiang, J. J., Chen, E., Leigh, A. K. K., Hoffer, L. C., Lam, P. H., & Miller, G. E. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000715 · Cited by 25
“…well-being, in turn, have been associated in adults with decreased expression of proinflammatory genes and circulating levels of inflammation (Fredrickson et al., 2013; Ryff, Singer, & Dienberg Love, 2004) as well as lower risk for poor health outcomes such as stroke and mortality (Hill &…”
Networks of blood proteins in the neuroimmunology of schizophrenia
Jeffries, C. D., Perkins, D. O., Fournier, M., Kim, Q., Cuénod, M., Khadimallah, I., Domenici, E., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0158-y · Cited by 23
Biological Underpinnings of Positive Emotions and Purpose
Fredrickson, B. L. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351189712-10 · Cited by 22
“evidence for Path C, that purpose shows an association with biological attributes, namely CTRA gene expression profiles (Fredrickson, Algoe, et al., 2015; Fredrickson et al., 2013) and cardiac vagal tone (Kok et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPositive psychology in health care: defining key stakeholders and their roles
Lianov, L. S., Barron, G. C., Fredrickson, B. L., Hashmi, S., Klemes, A. B., Krishnaswami, J., Lee, J., Pertel, N. L., Matthews, J. A., Millstein, R. A., et al. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz150 · Cited by 24
Self-citationMiller, R., & Taylor, D. D. (2016) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12028 · Cited by 23
Eyre, H. A., Siddarth, P., Cyr, N. S., Yang, H., Cole, S. W., Forbes, M., & Lavretsky, H. (2017) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0043-107033 · Cited by 24
Self-citationKirby, J. N., & Baldwin, S. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0989-9 · Cited by 29
Errors in the Brown et al. critical reanalysis
Cole, S. W., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1413316111 · Cited by 22
Self-citationRoss, K. M., Carroll, J., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., & Cole, S. W. (2019) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.13190 · Cited by 21
Self-citationLi, W., Zhang, L., Li, C., Zhu, N., Zhao, J., & Kong, F. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00576-5 · Cited by 24
“In addition, HWB and EWB have been found to engage distinct gene regulatory programs (Fredrickson et al., 2013) and involve different neural mechanisms (Tanzer & Weyandt, 2020; Urry et al.”
BackgroundLi, C., Zhu, N., Zhang, L., Li, W., & Kong, F. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106057 · Cited by 24
Reward Processes in Extinction Learning and Applications to Exposure Therapy
Rosenberg, B. M., Barnes‐Horowitz, N. M., Zbozinek, T. D., & Craske, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102911 · Cited by 22
Neijs, L. D.-D., Leenen, P. J. M., Hays, J. P., van der Valk, E. S., Kraaij, R., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Ester, W. A. (2020) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-020-00237-2 · Cited by 23
Contemporary positive psychology perspectives and future directions
Mayer, C., & Vanderheiden, E. (2020) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1813091 · Cited by 20
Zábó, V., Lehoczki, A., Fekete, M., Szappanos, Á., Varga, P., Moizs, M., Giovannetti, G., Loscalzo, Y., Giannini, M., Polidori, M. C., et al. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01625-6 · Cited by 19
Chrisinger, B. W., Rich, T., Lounsbury, D. W., Peng, K., Zhang, J. S., Heaney, C. A., Lü, Y., & Hsing, A. W. (2021) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101451 · Cited by 19
“Data from other studies also suggest a possible relationship between CPB and better physical health, emotions, immune function and social connections (Fredrickson et al., 2013; Kok B.W. Chrisinger et al. Preventive Medicine Reports 23 (2021) 101451 et al., 2013).”
Closeness to God, Spiritual Struggles, and Wellbeing in the First Year of College
Gilbertson, M. K., Brady, S. T., Ablorh, T., Logel, C. R., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.742265 · Cited by 36
Eudaimonic well‐being and tumor norepinephrine in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer
Davis, L. Z., Slavich, G. M., Thaker, P. H., Goodheart, M. J., Bender, D., Dahmoush, L., Farley, D. M., Markon, K. E., Penedo, F. J., Lubaroff, D. M., et al. (2015) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29516 · Cited by 20
“Eudaimonic well-being has also been related to reduced activation of the conserved transcriptional response to adversity, a gene expression signature characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory genes and downregulation of genes associated with antiviral immunity,(21) whereas positive affect (hedonic well-being) w…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA longitudinal follow-up study of happiness and meaning-making
Abe, J. A. A. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1117129 · Cited by 19
“The bulk of the extant studies have used self-report measures, which tend to be highly correlated with one another (e.g. Baumeister et al., 2013; Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundThe science of happiness: As felicitous as it is fallacious.
Álvarez, M. P. (2016) · Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1037/teo0000030 · Cited by 26
Coaching: A Primer for the Radiologist
Fishman, M. D. C., & Reddy, S. P. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2021.02.024 · Cited by 19
Mindfulness, Health, and Longevity
Dahlgaard, J., Jørgensen, M. M., van der Velden, A. M., Sumbundu, A. D., Gregersen, N., Olsen, R. K. J., & Mehlsen, M. Y. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814253-0.00022-x · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Coffey, K. A., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cole, S. W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-07-29
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 13684-13689
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3746929
- OpenAlex
- W2155399165
- Cited by
- 512
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 63.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG107265, P30AG017265)
- NIH Office of the Director (R01NR012899)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA116778)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR012899)
- Common Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, leukocyte gene expression, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, conserved transcriptional response to adversity, pro-inflammatory genes, type I interferon response, NF-κB signaling, AP-1 signaling, transcription factor activity, monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B cells, depressive symptoms, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antibodies, Happiness, Humans, Interferon Type I, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, North Carolina, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Transcription Factors, Genome, Human, NF-kappa B, Transcription Factor AP-1, Computational Biology, Gene Regulatory Networks, Pleasure, Transcriptome
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