A functional genomic perspective on human well-being
Open accessAbstract
To identify molecular mechanisms underlying the prospective health advantages associated with psychological well-being, we analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles in 80 healthy adults who were assessed for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, as well as potentially confounded negative psychological and behavioral factors. Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being showed similar affective correlates but highly divergent transcriptome profiles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from people with high levels of hedonic well-being showed up-regulated expression of a stress-related conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) involving increased expression of proinflammatory genes and decreased expression of genes involved in antibody synthesis and type I IFN response. In contrast, high levels of eudaimonic well-being were associated with CTRA down-regulation. Promoter-based bioinformatics implicated distinct patterns of transcription factor activity in structuring the observed differences in gene expression associated with eudaimonic well-being (reduced NF-κB and AP-1 signaling and increased IRF and STAT signaling). Transcript origin analysis identified monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes as primary cellular mediators of these dynamics. The finding that hedonic and eudaimonic well-being engage distinct gene regulatory programs despite their similar effects on total well-being and depressive symptoms implies that the human genome may be more sensitive to qualitative variations in well-being than are our conscious affective experiences.
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Activation of the CTRA by modern-day social, symbolic, anticipated, and imagined threats leads to increased risk for several inflammation-related conditions, including depression.
“The CTRA can also be activated by modernday social, symbolic, anticipated, and imagined threats, however, leading to increased risk for several inflammation-related conditions, including depression”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al., 2013
The paper’s introductory discussion says that chronic CTRA activation by social or symbolic threats in contemporary society may promote several inflammation-mediated diseases. It does not identify anticipated or imagined threats, or depression, as part of that claim; it also frames the disease risk as a possibility rather than an established consequence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHedonic and eudemonic well-being can be separated in that they seem to correlate with different neurobiological systems.
“they can also be separated in that they seem to correlate with different neurobiological systems (Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
From Blended care in the treatment of subthreshold symptoms of depression and psychosis in emerging adults: A randomised controlled trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Daily-Life (ACT-DL) (2020) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al., 2013
The Discussion reports markedly divergent gene-transcription correlates for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in human immune cells. That supports a distinction in biological correlates, but the paper does not establish that the two forms of well-being correlate with different neurobiological systems. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA small study analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles and reported distinct gene expression profiles for hedonic versus eudaimonic wellbeing.
“Finally, a small study analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles and reported distinct gene expression profiles for hedonic (positive affect) versus eudaimonic (striving, purpose) wellbeing (Fredrickson et al. 2013)”
From Genetics of Wellbeing and Its Components Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, and Quality of Life: A Review and Meta-analysis of Heritability Studies (2015) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al. 2013
A study that examined gene transcriptional profiles found that eudaimonic well-being (an overarching umbrella term that includes purpose) was associated with enhanced expression of antiviral response genes and reduced expression of proinflammatory genes.
“Additionally, a study that examined gene transcriptional profiles found that eudaimonic well-being (an overarching umbrella term that includes purpose) was associated with enhanced expression of antiviral response genes and reduced expression of proinflammatory genes (31).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
High levels of eudaimonic well-being are associated with significantly lower levels of CTRA-related gene expression.
“Fredrickson and colleagues found that high levels of eudaimonic well-being were associated with significantly lower levels of CTRA-related gene expression (i.e., a more favorable, or less threatened, molecular profile) [54].”
From Human Social Genomics (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
People with comparatively high levels of hedonic well-being relative to eudaimonic well-being show significantly elevated CTRA gene expression, above and beyond effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, or adiposity.
“In contrast, people who showed comparatively high levels of hedonic well-being relative to their level of eudaimonic well-being showed significantly elevated CTRA gene expression (above and beyond any effects of hedonistic behavioral factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, or adiposity).”
From Human Social Genomics (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
The conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) is characterized by increased proinflammatory and reduced antiviral skewing of basal gene expression.
“the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), and is characterized by increased proinflammatory and reduced antiviral skewing of the basal gene expression profile”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al, 2013
CTRA increases an individual's risk for viral infection and inflammation-related disease.
“which increases an individual's risk for both viral infection and inflammation-related disease”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Fredrickson et al, 2013
Developing caring and compassion-focused motives for self and others has a range of benefits: on genetic expression, physiological processes, psychological processes, and social relationships.
“The impetus for this research was inspired by a wealth of research showing e that developing caring and compassion-focused motives for self and others has a range of benefits: on genetic expression [14, 31, 109], physiological processes [9, 68, 71, 73, 107, 108], psychological processes [63, 64, 66, 108], and social relationships [16, 18, 100].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
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“…social, symbolic, anticipated, and imagined threats, however, leading to increased risk for several inflammationrelated conditions, including depression (see Antoni et al., 2012; S. W. Cole et al., 2012; Fredrickson et al., 2013; Irwin & Cole, 2011; Powell et al., 2013; Slavich & Cole, 2013).”
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BackgroundThe development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others
Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Basran, J. (2017) · Journal of Compassionate Health Care · doi:10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
“…wealth of research showing e that developing caring and compassion-focused motives for self and others has a range of benefits: on genetic expression [14, 31, 109], physiological processes [9, 68, 71, 73, 107, 108], psychological processes [63, 64, 66, 108], and social relationships [16, 18, 100].”
BackgroundDifferent types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being
Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000209 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
“For example, Fredrickson et al. (2013) found that the unique variance among Hedonia and Eudaimonia may be genetically determined (although see Brown, MacDonald, Samanta, Friedman, & Coyne, 2014 for a critique of the methodology used).”
BackgroundPositive Psychology: A Personal History
Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095653 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
“People who prefer meaning (eudaimonia) to pleasure (hedonia) have a distinguishable genetic profile (Fredrickson et al. 2013).”
BackgroundCole, S. W. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004601 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
“, a more favorable, or less threatened, molecular profile) [54].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCompassion interventions: The programmes, the evidence, and implications for research and practice
Kirby, J. N. (2017) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12104 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Subjective Well-Being: Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience
Stone, A. A., & Mackie, C. (2013) · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services
Kim, E. S., Strecher, V. J., & Ryff, C. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414826111 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Additionally, a study that examined gene transcriptional profiles found that eudaimonic well-being (an overarching umbrella term that includes purpose) was associated with enhanced expression of antiviral response genes and reduced expression of proinflammatory genes (31).”
BackgroundChallenges and opportunities for grounding cognition.
Barsalou, L. W. (2020) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.116 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Chun, K., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514249112 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
“Year 5, 7, and 8 samples were assayed by Ref8 arrays (Gene Expression Omnibus Series GSE65213, GSE65298, and GSE65317), year 9–10 samples were assayed by HT-12 BeadArrays (GSE65341 and GSE65403), and CTRA gene expression was analyzed using mixed effect linear models (43) testing association between average expression…”
MethodSelf-citationEntrepreneurship and Eudaimonic Well-Being: Five Venues for New Science
Ryff, C. (2018) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.003 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Bartels, M. (2015) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9713-y · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“Finally, a small study analyzed leukocyte basal gene expression profiles and reported distinct gene expression profiles for hedonic (positive affect) versus eudaimonic (striving, purpose) wellbeing (Fredrickson et al. 2013), but replication is warranted, especially since distinguishing hedonic versus eudaimonic wellbe…”
BackgroundThe conserved transcriptional response to adversity
Cole, S. W. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.01.008 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“It has sometimes been assumed that the CTRA is defined by the 53-gene contrast used in several high-visibility studies [33,34].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationIn pursuit of resilience: stress, epigenetics, and brain plasticity
McEwen, B. S. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13020 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Activation of the reward system boosts innate and adaptive immunity
Ben-Shaanan, T. L., Azulay-Debby, H., Dubovik, T., Starosvetsky, E., Korin, B., Schiller, M., Green, N. L., Admon, Y., Hakim, F., Shen-Orr, S. S., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4133 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Clinical characterization of allostatic overload
Fava, G. A., McEwen, B. S., Guidi, J., Gostoli, S., Offidani, E., & Sonino, N. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.028 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions
Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917697824 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being
Ryff, C. D., Boylan, J. M., & Kirsch, J. A. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0005 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“…well- being predicted down- regulation of the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA; Cole, 2013), marked by higher expression of pro- inflammatory genes and lower expression of antibody synthesis genes across multiple studies (Cole et al., 2015; Fredrickson et al., 2013, 2015).”
BackgroundEudaimonic well-being, inequality, and health: Recent findings and future directions
Ryff, C. D. (2017) · International Review of Economics · doi:10.1007/s12232-017-0277-4 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Gene expression in major depressive disorder
Jansen, R., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Madar, V, Xia, K., Milaneschi, Y., Hottenga, J. J., Hammerschlag, A. R., Beekman, A., van der Wee, N., Smit, J. H., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.57 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years
Alimujiang, A., Wiensch, A., Bøss, J., Fleischer, N., Mondul, A., McLean, K., Mukherjee, B., & Pearce, C. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD
Horn, S. R. G.-V., Charney, D. S., & Feder, A. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Recent studies have also identified differential expression of inflammatory response genes in relation to resilience (Fredrickson et al., 2013, Lee., 2015).”
BackgroundThe Evolution and Social Dynamics of Compassion
Gilbert, P. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12176 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Psychological well‐being and the human conserved transcriptional response to adversity
Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121839 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“[11] reported an association between reduced CTRA gene expression and scores in one domain of an established summary measure of well-being known as the Mental Health Continuum—Short Form (MHC-SF, also known as the Short Flourishing Scale) [12–15].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationLoneliness, eudaimonia, and the human conserved transcriptional response to adversity
Cole, S. W., Levine, M. E., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., Weir, D. R., & Crimmins, E. M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.001 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“…anuscript loom so large in the psychobiological regulation of leukocyte gene transcription that they overwhelm any salutary effects of positive psychological conditions such as eudaimonic well-being (Fredrickson et al., 2015; Fredrickson et al., 2013; Friedman, 2012; Ryff, 2014; Ryff et al., 2004)?”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSullivan, M. B., Erb, M., Schmalzl, L., Moonaz, S. H., Taylor, J. N., & Porges, S. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00067 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“…gene expression changes in response to social adversity; reduction in perceived loneliness; decreased inflammation; improved immune regulation; mental flourishing; and decreased all-cause mortality independent of other variables (Keyes and Simoes, 2012; Fredrickson et al., 2013; Cole et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEnroth, S., Johansson, Å., Enroth, S. B., & Gyllensten, U. B. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5684 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“In data from leukocytes of 80 controls 22 , there was only a weak correlation between the expression levels of CD69 and CASP-3 ( R 2 ¼ 0.13), suggesting that the high correlation observed at the protein level is either because of post transcriptional regulation, for example, epigenetic regulation,…”
InfluentialThe Emerging Science of Virtue
Fowers, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Leonhardt, N. D., & Cokelet, B. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620924473 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“In summary, there is a good deal of evidence supporting the relationships among many virtues and subjective assessments of HWB.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcEwen, B. S. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.029 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“[70] Fredrickson BL, Grewen KM, Coffey KA, Algoe SB, Firestine AM, Arevalo JM, et al.”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187727 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Miller, G. E., Murphy, M. L. M., Cashman, R., Ma, R., Ma, J., Arevalo, J. M. G., Kobor, M. S., & Cole, S. W. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.016 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Transcriptional activity was analyzed with methods employed and validated in our previous research (Cole et al., 2003, 2005, 2011; Fredrickson et al., 2013; Miller et al., 2008).”
Self-citationIrwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Breen, E., Witarama, T., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Arevalo, J., Ma, J. C. Y., Nicassio, P., Ganz, P., et al. (2014) · Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu028 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of a brief gratitude intervention on subjective well-being, biology and sleep
Jackowska, M., Brown, J., Ronaldson, A., & Steptoe, A. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315572455 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“SWB correlates with healthier biological profiles, suggesting that it may exert beneficial effects on health through optimising biological function (Fredrickson et al., 2013; Kok and Fredrickson, 2010; Pressman and Cohen, 2005).”
BackgroundThe Current and Future Role of Heart Rate Variability for Assessing and Training Compassion
Kirby, J. N., Doty, J. R., Petrocchi, N., & Gilbert, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00040 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“There is now considerable evidence that being the giver and recipient of caring behaviors, particularly compassion, has a range of health benefits (29, 30) and can affect genetic expression (31, 32).”
BackgroundChen, Y., Fang, L., Chen, S., Zhou, H., Fan, Y., Li, L., Li, J., Xu, J., Chen, Y., Ma, Y., et al. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/8456596 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Understanding Resilience and Preventing and Treating PTSD
Horn, S. R. G.-V., & Feder, A. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000194 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Phenoptosis: Programmed Death of an Organism
Skulachev, M. V., & Skulachev, V. P. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119432463.ch13 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Nelson, S. K., Fritz, M. M., Lyubomirsky, S., & Cole, S. W. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.025 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Research has begun to map the molecular pathways through which negative social and psychological processes can influence disease risk by altering the pattern of gene expression by the human genome (Cole, 2014; Slavich and Cole, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCarroll, J. E., Cole, S. W., Seeman, T. E., Breen, E. C., Witarama, T., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Irwin, M. R. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.024 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“…MCP-4, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-3, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1) that promote disease (Effros, 2005; Campisi and d’Adda di Fagagna, 2007; Erusalimsky, 2009; Coppé et al., 2010; Freund et al., 2010).”
Self-citationPurposeful Engagement, Healthy Aging, and the Brain
Ryff, C. D., Heller, A. S., Schaefer, S. M., van Reekum, C. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0096-z · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Antoni, M. H., Moreno, P. I., & Penedo, F. J. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-030122-124119 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“To do so, they used the previously described CTRA gene expression composite (Fredrickson et al. 2013) at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.”
BackgroundMethodRedefining neuroendocrinology: Epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course
McEwen, B. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.11.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“…functional connectivity within the brain and benefit fluid intelligence as well as improving function in aging (Gard et al., 2014a; Gard et al., 2014b) and meaning and purpose in life also has benefits for overall health and cognitive function (Carlson et al., 2009; Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
Experienced discrimination and racial differences in leukocyte gene expression
Thames, A. D., Irwin, M. R., Breen, E. C., & Cole, S. W. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.016 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“The profile of transcriptional/gene expression differences observed here is consistent with patterns previously observed in studies exploring the relationship between perceptions of the social environment and CTRA gene expression (Fredrickson et al. 2013; Miller et al. 2008, 2009, 2014; Powell et al. 2013).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationPositive maternal mental health, parenting, and child development
Phua, D. Y., Kee, M. Z. L., & Meaney, M. J. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.028 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The embodied mind: A review on functional genomic and neurological correlates of mind-body therapies
Muehsam, D. J., Lutgendorf, S. K., Mills, P. J., Rickhi, B., Chevalier, G., Bat, N., Chopra, D., & Gurfein, B. T. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.027 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Bower, J. E., & Kuhlman, K. R. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080621-045153 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Zaninotto, P., Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i6267 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Kohrt, B. A., Worthman, C. M., Adhikari, R. P., Luitel, N. P., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., McCreath, H., Seeman, T. E., Crimmins, E. M., & Cole, S. W. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1601301113 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationAffective immunology: where emotions and the immune response converge
D’Acquisto, F. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.1/fdacquisto · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Schwaiger, M., Grinberg, M., Moser, D., Zang, J. C. S., Heinrichs, M., Hengstler, J. G., Rahnenführer, J., Cole, S. W., & Kumsta, R. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.57 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationA daily diary study of relationships between feelings of gratitude and well-being
Nezlek, J. B., Newman, D. B., & Thrash, T. M. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1198923 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Yehuda, R., Pratchett, L. C., Elmes, M. W., Lehrner, A. L., Daskalakis, N. P., Koch, E., Makotkine, I., Flory, J. D., & Bierer, L. M. (2014) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2014.0048 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Insulin resistance, an unmasked culprit in depressive disorders: Promises for interventions
Watson, K. T., Nasca, C., Aasly, L., McEwen, B. S., & Rasgon, N. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.038 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Antoni, M. H., Bouchard, L. C., Jacobs, J. M., Lechner, S. C., Jutagir, D. R., Gudenkauf, L. M., Carver, C. S., Lutgendorf, S., Cole, S. W., Lippman, M., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.012 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship of eudaimonia and hedonia with work outcomes
Turban, D. B., & Yan, W. (2016) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-07-2015-0271 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…some evidence indicates they have a different pattern of relationships with the outcomes 1008 JMP 31,6 D ow nl oa de d by U ni ve rs ity o f M is so ur iC ol um bi a, D an ie l T ur ba n A t 0 7: 39 2 6 A ug us t 2 01 6 (P T ) (Fredrickson et al., 2013; Ryan et al., 2008; Waterman, 2007).”
Insulin resistance—a missing link no more
Rasgon, N. L., & Mcewen, B. S. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.162 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Kristjansson, K. R., & Fowers, B. J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871473.001.0001 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Inflammation in multimorbidity and disability: An integrative review.
Friedman, E. M., & Shorey, C. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000749 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Recent evidence suggests that differences in psychological well-being are reflected in differential expression of genes related to inflammation and immune function (Fredrickson et al., 2013), and engaging in behaviors that promote some forms of well-being produce changes in the expression of these genes in ways that s…”
BackgroundKnight, J. M., Rizzo, J. D., Logan, B. R., Wang, T., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1344 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Primary analyses tested an a priori–defined contrast score represent- ing the 53-gene CTRA profile of upregulated expression of 19 proinflammatory genes (IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL8, TNF, PTGS1, PTGS2, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JUN, JUNB, JUND, NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, and RELB) and downregulated expression of 31 genes involv…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarciano, L., Lin, J., Sato, T., Saboor, S., & Viswanath, K. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100331 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cole, S. W., Shanahan, M. J., Gaydosh, L. M., & Harris, K. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1821367117 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Data analyses examined inflammatory and type I IFN gene regulation at three distinct levels of biological function: 1) expression of apriori-defined sets of inflammatory and type I IFN indicator genes (42); 2) activity of transcription factors involved in mediating inflammatory, type I IFN, SNS, and neuroendocrine res…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation“Social Ties, Health and Wellbeing: A Literature Review and Model”,
Kemp, A. H., Arias, J. A., & Fisher, Z. (2017) · Neuroscience and Social Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68421-5_17 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Halamová, J., Kanovský, M., Gilbert, P., Troop, N. A., Zuroff, D. C., Hermanto, N., Petrocchi, N., Sommers‐Spijkerman, M., Kirby, J. N., Shahar, B., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9686-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Compassion training may impact physiological indicators of well-being and even impact processes such as telomere length – bits of chromosomes that are a biological indicator of aging (Fredrickson et al. 2013).”
BackgroundRyff, C. D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119362081.ch20 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Matos, M., Albuquerque, I., Galhardo, A. B., Cunha, M. I. V. A., de Lima, M. P., Palmeira, L., Petrocchi, N., McEwan, K., Maratos, F. A., & Gilbert, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263480 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Boyle, C., Cole, S., Dutcher, J. M., Eisenberger, N., & Bower, J. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.024 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMatos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S. R., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Márquez, M. G., et al. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01822-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Seeman, T., Merkin, S., Goldwater, D. S., & Cole, S. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104468 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationWork, meaning, and gene regulation: Findings from a Japanese information technology firm.
Kitayama, S., Akutsu, S., Uchida, Y., & Cole, S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationdos Santos, R. M. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100103 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Positive psychological factors contribute to reduced CTRA activity (Fredrickson et al., 2013; Kitayama et al., 2016; Kohrt et al., 2016; Nelson-Coffey et al., 2017).”
Positive emotional well-being, health Behaviors, and inflammation measured by C-Reactive protein
Ironson, G., Banerjee, N., Fitch, C., & Krause, N. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.020 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
van Aubel, E., Bakker, J. M., Batink, T., Michielse, S., Goossens, L., Lange, I., Schruers, K., Lieverse, R., Marcelis, M., van Amelsvoort, T., et al. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103592 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.001.0001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A critical reanalysis of the relationship between genomics and well-being
Brown, N. J. L., MacDonald, D. A., Samanta, M. P., Friedman, H. L., & Coyne, J. C. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1407057111 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“(3) defined in terms of eudaimonic and hedonic well-being.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMitochondrial psychobiology: foundations and applications
Picard, M. A., Trumpff, C., & Burelle, Y. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.04.015 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A genetic perspective on the relationship between eudaimonic –and hedonic well-being
Baselmans, B. M. L., & Bartels, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32638-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wingo, A. P., & Gibson, G. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.016 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Optimism and the conserved transcriptional response to adversity.
Uchida, Y., Kitayama, S., Akutsu, S., Park, J., & Cole, S. W. (2018) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000675 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…of association between z-score standardized optimism scores and an a priori-specified CTRA composite score computed over 53 indicator genes (Fredrickson et al., 2013), with 19 proinflammatory genes weighted 1 and 34 antiviral and antibody-related genes weighted 1 (to reflect their inverse…”
InfluentialSelf-citationMuehsam, D. J., & Ventura, C. (2014) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kumsta, R. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12227 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Emotion and biological health: the socio-cultural moderation
Kitayama, S., & Park, J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.016 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Biobehavioral Pathways and Cancer Progression: Insights for Improving Well-Being and Cancer Outcomes
Chang, A., Sloan, E. K., Antoni, M. H., Knight, J. M., Telles, R., & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2022) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/15347354221096081 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Affiliative and prosocial motives and emotions in mental health
Gilbert, P. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/pgilbert · Cited by 58 · see citing works
McDade, T. W., M. Ross, K., L. Fried, R., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., Miller, G. E., & Cole, S. W. (2016) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2016.1185600 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Analyses used an a priori-defined contrast among differential gene expression estimates for 53 canonical CTRA indicator genes (Cole et al. 2015; Fredrickson et al. 2013, 2015; Vedhara et al. 2015), including 19 pro-inflammatory genes (IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL8, TNF, PTGS1, PTGS2, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1,…”
InfluentialSelf-citationSubjective social status and inflammatory gene expression.
Murray, D. R., Haselton, M. G., Fales, M. R., & Cole, S. W. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000705 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…and differentially expressed genes were identified as those showing 1.5-fold difference in mean expression levels (as in previous research, e.g., Fredrickson et al., 2013) over the range from 2 SD to 2 SD relative to mean level of SSS in standard linear model analyses that additionally…”
InfluentialSelf-citationCalvo, V., D’Aquila, C., Rocco, D., & Carraro, E. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00820-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Perilla-Toro, L. E., & Gómez-Ortiz, V. (2017) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.rpto.2017.02.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…salud es más sólida que la del bienestar afectivo e incluso los resultados de análisis genéticos revelan que la fisiología molecular correspondiente al bienestar hedónico resulta adversa, lo cual parece no registrarse en el nivel de afecto que experimentan las personas (Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNatural language indicators of differential gene regulation in the human immune system
Mehl, M. R., Raison, C. L., Pace, T. W. W., Arevalo, J. M. G., & Cole, S. W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1707373114 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“the 50 available CTRA indicator transcripts (10, 27, 28) and a priori-specified”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPositive Psychological Functioning and the Biology of Health
Kubzansky, L., Boehm, J. K., & Segerstrom, S. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12224 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Initial studies have suggested that PPF is associated with specific gene expression patterning that signals antiinf lammatory activity (Bhasin et al., 2013; Fredrickson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLevin, N. J., Zebrack, B., & Cole, S. W. (2019) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.27789 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Green Consumerism: Uncovering the Motivations of Green Citizenship
Harbo, S., Young, R. D., & Guckian, M. L. (2017) · Michigan Journal of Sustainability · doi:10.3998/mjs.12333712.0005.105 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Resilience
Hunter, R. G., Gray, J. D., & McEwen, B. S. (2018) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/697956 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Happiness and meaning in life: Unique, differential, and indirect associations with mental health
Li, P. F. J., Wong, Y. J., & Chao, R. (2019) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2019.1604493 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Knight, J. M., Rizzo, J. D., Hari, P., Pasquini, M. C., Giles, K. E., D’Souza, A., Logan, B. R., Hamadani, M., Chhabra, S., Dhakal, B., et al. (2020) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000765 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Primary analyses tested for change in an a priori–defined composite score representing the CTRA profile of upregulated expression of proinflammatory genes (19 indicator transcripts positively weighted: IL1A, IL1B, IL6, IL8/CXCL8, TNF, PTGS1, PTGS2, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JUN, JUNB, JUND, NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, and…”
ResultSelf-citationHedonic and eudaimonic motives to pursue well-being in three samples of youth
Gentzler, A. L., DeLong, K. L., Palmer, C. A., & Huta, V. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09882-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Coffey, K. A., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cole, S. W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-07-29
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 13684-13689
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3746929
- OpenAlex
- W2155399165
- Cited by
- 512
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 63.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG107265, P30AG017265)
- NIH Office of the Director (R01NR012899)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA116778)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR012899)
- Common Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, leukocyte gene expression, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, conserved transcriptional response to adversity, pro-inflammatory genes, type I interferon response, NF-κB signaling, AP-1 signaling, transcription factor activity, monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B cells, depressive symptoms, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antibodies, Happiness, Humans, Interferon Type I, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, North Carolina, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Transcription Factors, Genome, Human, NF-kappa B, Transcription Factor AP-1, Computational Biology, Gene Regulatory Networks, Pleasure, Transcriptome
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