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Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Media coverage of collective traumas may trigger psychological distress in individuals outside the directly affected community. We examined whether repeated media exposure to the Boston Marathon bombings was associated with acute stress and compared the impact of direct exposure (being at/near the bombings) vs. media exposure (bombing-related television, radio, print, online, and social media coverage) on acute stress. We conducted an Internet-based survey 2–4 wk postbombings with a nationally representative sample and representative subsamples from Boston and New York (4,675 adults). Repeated bombing-related media exposure was associated with higher acute stress than was direct exposure. Media coverage following collective traumas can diffuse acute stress widely. This unique study compares the impact of direct vs. indirect media-based community trauma exposure on acute stress responses.
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“Relatedly, studies looking at media viewing of real trauma have shown that repeated and enduring viewing of scenes in media footage, for example of the Boston Marathon bombings, is associated with acute stress symptoms (Holman, Garfin, & Silver, 2014).”
From Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application (2019) · cites this paper as Holman, Garfin, & Silver, 2014
In the citing paper
“A large body of previous research has convincingly established the association between media exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress related to various life-threatening stressors, such as war conflicts [9,10], terrorism and other acts of mass violence [11-15], natural disasters [16,17], and recently also the COVID-19 pandemic”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Recent research provided extensive evidence that indirect exposure is associated with stress symptoms and other psychopathologies comparable to those linked to direct exposure [13,16,23-27].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Even ≥1 hours of daily television watching might have some negative consequences [10,13,167].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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“In each regression, the following covariates were entered in the model as fixed effects: (1) age, (2) birth sex, (3) race/ethnicity, (4) highest degree of parental education, (5) household income, (6) parental marital status.”
MethodVodonos, A., Novack, V., Waismel-Manor, I., Ezra, Y., Guetta, A., & Ifergane, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249749
Fitzduff, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512654.003.0007
Fitzduff, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512654.003.0009
Fitzduff, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512654.003.0010
Fitzduff, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512654.003.0003
Fitzduff, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512654.003.0005
Trauma Propagation in Social NetworksPreprint
Sadish, D. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3799738
“Widespread mental illnesses accompany crises such as terrorist attacks [1, 2], natural disasters [3], and pandemics [4, 5].”
BackgroundFrissen, T., Coppens, T., Tobback, L., & d’Haenens, L. (2018) · Lirias · doi:10.5117/2018.046.003.005
Khan, Q. U. (2021) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2021.35.005686
“In 2013, after the Boston Marathon bombings, it was found that the people with robust media exposure on attack coverage had more acute stresses as compared to those who were exposed directly to the bombings [16].”
BackgroundEXAMINATION OF COVID-19 FEAR IN TERMS OF ITS DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
Çimke, S., Gürkan, D. Y., & Esenkaya, D. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy · doi:10.33457/ijhsrp.944100 · Cited by 3
Understanding the Effect of Social Media Use on Psychological Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic
MURPHY, N. M., & Saxena, D. K. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7991-6.ch010
Metadata
- Authors
- Holman, E. A., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Departments of bPsychology and Social Behavior and
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-12-09
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93-98
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3890785
- OpenAlex
- W2061777840
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 21.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Keywords
- Boston Marathon bombing, acute stress, media exposure, collective trauma, media influence, post-traumatic stress, September 11 attacks, Superstorm Sandy, television viewing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Boston, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mass Media, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Radio, Stress, Psychological, Television, Internet, Terrorism, Bombs, Young Adult, Social Media
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