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Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness
Open accessAbstract
Significance: It is unclear to what extent new learning can take place outside of conscious awareness. In the present study, we used psychophysical measures and classical conditioning to establish whether psychologically mediated analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli. Our study demonstrates that analgesia and hyperalgesia can be learned without conscious awareness, suggesting that higher-order cognitive processes may be affected by implicit learning mechanisms.
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“It is plausible that because expectations of low pain are more easily extinguished and more sensitive to sensory evidence18–21, the corresponding positive PE condition was more vulnerable to an unmeasured variable than the negative PE condition.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Nocebo responses have been shown to be significantly stronger than placebo responses in a subliminal pain conditioning procedure, and this finding was related to the higher salience of nocebo cues19.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Nocebo responses are stronger, more difficult to extinguish and less sensitive to sensory evidence than placebo responses8,18–20.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Nocebo responses are stronger, more difficult to extinguish and less sensitive to sensory evidence than placebo responses8,18–20.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
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“Nocebo responses are stronger, more difficult to extinguish and less sensitive to sensory evidence than placebo responses8,18–20.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jensen, K., Kirsch, I., Odmalm, S., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Ingvar, M.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-05-15
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 7863-7867
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4485119
- OpenAlex
- W1570298792
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 11.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K24AT004095, 2K24 AT004096)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- classical conditioning, conditioned analgesia, subliminal perception, conscious awareness, extinction, conditioned pain modulation
- MeSH terms
- Analgesia, Awareness, Conditioning, Classical, Humans, Hyperalgesia, Pain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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