The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness
Open accessAbstract
Significance: It is unclear to what extent new learning can take place outside of conscious awareness. In the present study, we used psychophysical measures and classical conditioning to establish whether psychologically mediated analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli. Our study demonstrates that analgesia and hyperalgesia can be learned without conscious awareness, suggesting that higher-order cognitive processes may be affected by implicit learning mechanisms.
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“It is plausible that because expectations of low pain are more easily extinguished and more sensitive to sensory evidence18–21, the corresponding positive PE condition was more vulnerable to an unmeasured variable than the negative PE condition.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Nocebo responses have been shown to be significantly stronger than placebo responses in a subliminal pain conditioning procedure, and this finding was related to the higher salience of nocebo cues19.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Nocebo responses are stronger, more difficult to extinguish and less sensitive to sensory evidence than placebo responses8,18–20.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Nocebo responses are stronger, more difficult to extinguish and less sensitive to sensory evidence than placebo responses8,18–20.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Nocebo responses are stronger, more difficult to extinguish and less sensitive to sensory evidence than placebo responses8,18–20.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jensen, K., Kirsch, I., Odmalm, S., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Ingvar, M.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-05-15
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 7863-7867
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4485119
- OpenAlex
- W1570298792
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 11.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K24AT004095, 2K24 AT004096)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- classical conditioning, conditioned analgesia, subliminal perception, conscious awareness, extinction, conditioned pain modulation
- MeSH terms
- Analgesia, Awareness, Conditioning, Classical, Humans, Hyperalgesia, Pain
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