Cited by 1,099Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceReliability and Agreement in MeasurementMental Health Research Topics

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Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research

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Fisher, Aaron J., Medaglia, John D., Jeronimus, Bertus F.·2018·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1711978115PMC PMC6142277

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Abstract

Significance: The current study quantified the degree to which group data are able to describe individual participants. We utilized intensive repeated-measures data—data that have been collected many times, across many individuals—to compare the distributions of bivariate correlations calculated within subjects vs. those calculated between subjects. Because the vast majority of social and medical science research aggregates across subjects, we aimed to assess how closely such aggregations reflect their constituent individuals. We provide evidence that conclusions drawn from aggregated data may be worryingly imprecise. Specifically, the variance in individuals is up to four times larger than in groups. These data call for a focus on idiography and open science that may substantially alter best-practice guidelines in the medical and behavioral sciences.

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Authors: Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Drexel University (US)
University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Fisher, Aaron J.
ORCID: Fisher, Aaron J.
Medaglia, John D.
Jeronimus, Bertus F.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2018-06-18
Volume: 115
Issue: 27
Pages: E6106-E6115
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711978115
PMC: PMC6142277
OpenAlex: W2808831456
Cited by: 1,099
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 126 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 132 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 21
FWCI: 82.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtml (vor, 183 d)
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (1-DP5- OD021352)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: within-person variability, interindividual variability, aggregation bias, individual differences
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Group

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