The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research
Open accessAbstract
Significance: The current study quantified the degree to which group data are able to describe individual participants. We utilized intensive repeated-measures data—data that have been collected many times, across many individuals—to compare the distributions of bivariate correlations calculated within subjects vs. those calculated between subjects. Because the vast majority of social and medical science research aggregates across subjects, we aimed to assess how closely such aggregations reflect their constituent individuals. We provide evidence that conclusions drawn from aggregated data may be worryingly imprecise. Specifically, the variance in individuals is up to four times larger than in groups. These data call for a focus on idiography and open science that may substantially alter best-practice guidelines in the medical and behavioral sciences.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given that between-person differences do not necessarily generalize to within-person changes (Fisher et al., 2018), it is important to confirm previous between-person results regarding the structure of aversive reactivity and its associations with symptom change and extend these results to withinperson processes.”
From Within-person changes in aversive reactivity predict session-to-session reductions in anxiety and depression in the unified protocol. (2024) · cites this paper as Fisher et al., 2018
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In doing this, SCEDs provide evidence of the effectiveness of interventions, drawing on substantially fewer participants than nomothetic approaches (such as RCTs) [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“in clinical trials, individual outcomes within tested groups are aggregated but outcomes between individuals are rarely the same (e.g., the variance in individuals can be up to four times greater than in groups [12,13]).”
From Hasty generalizations and generics in medical research: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“However, it has been recognised that the inherent clinical heterogeneity associated with mental disorders may necessitate a greater focus on inter-individual differences to ensure generalisability to unseen cases (39, 43, 44).”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals
Robinson, W. S. (1950) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087176 · Cited by 4,547
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
TESTING FOR SERIAL CORRELATION IN LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION. II
Durbin, J., & Watson, G. S. (1951) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/38.1-2.159 · Cited by 3,636
Analysis of serial measurements in medical research.
Matthews, J. N. S., Altman, D. G., Campbell, M. J., & Royston, P. J. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6719.230 · Cited by 3,137
Variance component model to account for sample structure in genome-wide association studies
Kang, H. M., Sul, J. H., Service, S. K., Zaitlen, N. A., Kong, S.-Y., Freimer, N. B., Sabatti, C., & Eskin, E. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.548 · Cited by 2,817
Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable
Beck, N. L., Katz, J. N., & Tucker, R. P. (1998) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2991857 · Cited by 2,443
The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables
Simpson, E. H. (1951) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1951.tb00088.x · Cited by 2,301 · cited 1×
“Simpson’s paradox (12) is a statistical effect in which trends in subgroups differ from (or are even inverse to) the aggregate trend when the groups are combined.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- L Boltzmann, On the relation between the second law of the mechanical theory of heat and the probability calculus with respect to the theorems on thermal equilibrium. Kais Akad Wiss Wien Math Natumiss Classe 76, 373–435 (1877).
- PCM Molenaar, Rejoinder to Rogosa’s commentary on “A manifesto on psychology as idiographic science.”. Measurement 3, 116–119 (2005).
- WW Wei, Time series analysis. The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods in Psychology (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford) Vol 2 (2006).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,002
Person-specific and precision neuroimaging: Current methods and future directions
Michon, K. J., Khammash, D., Simmonite, M., Hamlin, A. M., & Polk, T. A. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119589 · Cited by 62
Comprehensive evaluation of harmonization on functional brain imaging for multisite data-fusion
Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Yan, C. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120089 · Cited by 57
Aalbers, G., vanden Abeele, M. M. P., Hendrickson, A. T., de Marez, L., & Keijsers, L. (2022) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157921993896 · Cited by 56
“Such person-specific associations are important to report, as theoretical and empirical work suggests human subjects research to be fraught with limited group-to-individual generalizability (Fisher et al., 2018; Molenaar, 2004).”
BackgroundKeijsers, L., Boele, S., & Bülow, A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.10.002 · Cited by 56
Complexity in psychological self-ratings: implications for research and practice
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01727-2 · Cited by 61
Beck, E. D., & Jackson, J. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00004-2 · Cited by 64
Personalized Prediction of Behaviors and Experiences: An Idiographic Person–Situation Test
Beck, E. D., & Jackson, J. J. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221093307 · Cited by 56
The Curious Case of the Cross-Sectional Correlation
Hamaker, E. L. (2023) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2022.2155930 · Cited by 55
Berlim, M. T., Richard‐Devantoy, S., dos Santos, N. R., & Turecki, G. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001002 · Cited by 62
Single-subject research in psychiatry: facts and fictions
Zuidersma, M., Riese, H., Snippe, E., Booij, S. H., Wichers, M., & Bos, E. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.539777 · Cited by 54
Personalized, Precision, and N-of-One Medicine: A Clarification of Terminology and Concepts
Huang, S., & Hood, L. (2019) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.2019.0036 · Cited by 56
de Boer, N. S., de Bruin, L. C., Geurts, J. J. G., & Glas, G. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623970 · Cited by 60
Early warning signals in psychopathology: what do they tell?
Schreuder, M. J., Hartman, C. A., George, S. V., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Decoster, J., van Winkel, R., Delespaul, P., Binder, M. D., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., et al. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01742-3 · Cited by 56
den Bergh, N. V., Marchetti, I., & Koster, E. H. W. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10153-w · Cited by 58
Personalized networks of social anxiety disorder and depression and implications for treatment
Piccirillo, M. L., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.034 · Cited by 53
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Huart, I., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1591426 · Cited by 54
Bosley, H. G., Soyster, P. D., & Fisher, A. J. (2019) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2019.09 · Cited by 50
Self-citationLack of theory building and testing impedes progress in the factor and network literaturePreprint
Fried, E. I. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zg84s · Cited by 78
Integrating a functional view on suicide risk into idiographic statistical models
Kaurin, A., Dombrovski, A. Y., Hallquist, M. N., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.104012 · Cited by 55
Schneider, S., Junghaenel, D. U., Gutsche, T., Mak, H. W., & Stone, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/19201 · Cited by 56
Halvorson, M. A., Pedersen, S. L., Feil, M. C., Lengua, L. J., Molina, B. S. G., & King, K. M. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120939161 · Cited by 55
Triangulation of multiple meaningful change thresholds for patient-reported outcome scores
Trigg, A., & Griffiths, P. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02957-4 · Cited by 52
Moderators of Outcome for Youth Anxiety Treatments: Current Findings and Future Directions
Norris, L. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1833337 · Cited by 46
Groot, P. C., & van Os, J. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125320932452 · Cited by 49
McManus, R. M., Young, L., & Sweetman, J. (2023) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459231186615 · Cited by 50
An ecological dynamics approach to ACL injury risk research: a current opinion
Bolt, R., Heuvelmans, P., Benjaminse, A., Robinson, M. A., & Gokeler, A. (2021) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1960419 · Cited by 57
Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment
Kathan, A., Harrer, M., Küster, L., Triantafyllopoulos, A., He, X., Milling, M., Gerczuk, M., Yan, T., Rajamani, S. T., Heber, E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.964582 · Cited by 47
Chandler, C., Foltz, P. W., & Elvevåg, B. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac038 · Cited by 49
Latent variable GIMME using model implied instrumental variables (MIIVs).
Gates, K. M., Fisher, Z. F., & Bollen, K. A. (2019) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000229 · Cited by 50
Fried, E. I., Rieble, C., & Rieble, C. (2023) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.10075 · Cited by 64
Do we need a novel framework for classifying psychopathology? A discussion paper
Rief, W., Hofmann, S. G., Berg, M., Forbes, M. K., Pizzagalli, D. A., Zimmermann, J., Fried, E. I., & Reed, G. M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.11699 · Cited by 56
Emotional Processes of Foreign-Language Learning Situated in Real-Time Teacher Support
Ruiter, N. M. P. D., Shirvan, M. E., & Talebzadeh, N. (2019) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407413.2018.1554368 · Cited by 48
Åkerblom, S., Cervin, M., Perrin, S., Rivano Fischer, M., Gerdle, B., & McCracken, L. M. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa473 · Cited by 46
Characteristics of Suicidal Ideation: A Systematic Review
Reeves, K. W., Vasconez, G., & Weiss, S. J. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2021.2022551 · Cited by 48
Process-based therapy: A personalized approach to treatment
Moskow, D. M., Ong, C. W., Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231152848 · Cited by 45
Queirazza, F., Fouragnan, E. F., Steele, J. D., Cavanagh, J., & Philiastides, M. G. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav4962 · Cited by 52
ADHD desynchronizes brain activity during watching a distracted multi-talker conversation
Salmi, J., Metwaly, M., Tohka, J., Alho, K., Leppämäki, S., Tani, P., Koski, A., Vanderwal, T., & Laine, M. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116352 · Cited by 43
Heterogeneity in Individual Network Analysis: Reality or Illusion?
Hoekstra, R. H. A., Epskamp, S., & Borsboom, D. (2022) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2022.2128020 · Cited by 49
Insights from Personalized Models of Brain and Behavior for Identifying Biomarkers in PsychiatryPreprint
Kraus, B. T., Zinbarg, R. E., Braga, R. M., Nusslock, R., Mittal, V. A., & Gratton, C. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105259 · Cited by 48
Wenzel, M., Bürgler, S., Rowland, Z., & Hennecke, M. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211043023 · Cited by 51
Heino, M. T. J., Proverbio, D., Marchand, G. C., Resnicow, K., & Hankonen, N. E. (2022) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2022.2146598 · Cited by 47
Parola, A., Simonsen, A., Lin, J. M., Zhou, Y., Wang, H., Ubukata, S., Koelkebeck, K., Bliksted, V., & Fusaroli, R. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac128 · Cited by 43
Pregnancy and postpartum dynamics revealed by millions of lab tests
Bar, A., Moran, R., Cohen, N. M., Kohanim, Y. K., Mayo, A., Toledano, Y., & Alon, U. S. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr7922 · Cited by 46
Predicting major mental illness: ethical and practical considerations
Lawrie, S. M., Fletcher‐Watson, S., Whalley, H. C., & McIntosh, A. M. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.11 · Cited by 47
Identifying the presence and timing of discrete mood states prior to therapy
Fisher, A. J., & Bosley, H. G. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103596 · Cited by 44
Self-citationMcManus, R. M., Mason, J. E., & Young, L. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104182 · Cited by 42
Squaring the circle: From latent variables to theory-based measurement
Borgstede, M., & Eggert, F. (2022) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593543221127985 · Cited by 44
Cipora, K., van Dijck, J., Georges, C., Masson, N., Goebel, S. M., Willmes, K., Pesenti, M., Schiltz, C., & Nuerk, H. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bwyr3 · Cited by 50
Pushing the Boundaries of Psychiatric Neuroimaging to Ground Diagnosis in Biology
Saggar, M., & Uddin, L. Q. (2019) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0384-19.2019 · Cited by 38
Keeping secrets from parents: on galloping horses, prancing ponies and pink unicorns
Frijns, T., Keijsers, L., & Finkenauer, C. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.041 · Cited by 43
Will artificial intelligence eventually replace psychiatrists?
Brown, C., Story, G. W., Mourão-Miranda, J., & Baker, J. T. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.245 · Cited by 50
Kiekens, G., Robinson, K., Tatnell, R., & Kirtley, O. J. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/30915 · Cited by 49
Ren, B., Balkind, E. G., Pastro, B., Israel, E. S., Pizzagalli, D. A., Rahimi-Eichi, H., Baker, J. T., & Webb, C. A. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002161 · Cited by 42
Analysis of Intensive Longitudinal Data: Putting Psychological Processes in Perspective
Hamaker, E. L. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947 · Cited by 57
Hasselman, F., & Bosman, A. M. T. (2020) · Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.3389/fams.2020.00009 · Cited by 42
Pouwels, J. L., Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99034-0 · Cited by 42
O’Dea, B., Boonstra, T. W., Larsen, M. E., Nguyen, T., Venkatesh, S., & Christensen, H. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251787 · Cited by 42
Between-person methods provide limited insight about within-person belief systems.
Brandt, M. J., & Morgan, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000404 · Cited by 42
Wenzel, M., Rowland, Z., & Kubiak, T. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12590 · Cited by 41
M3CV: A multi-subject, multi-session, and multi-task database for EEG-based biometrics challenge
Huang, G., Hu, Z., Chen, W., Zhang, S., Liang, Z., Li, L., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119666 · Cited by 48
Hachenberger, J., Teuber, Z., Li, Y., Abkai, L., Wild, E., & Lemola, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35987-8 · Cited by 50
A Personalised Approach to Identifying Important Determinants of Well-being
Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B. K., Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., Sanford, B., Stanton, C. E., Yap, K., Fraser, M. I., Gates, K. M., & Gloster, A. T. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10486-w · Cited by 45
Individualised requirements for optimum treatment of hypothyroidism: complex needs, limited options
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2019) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.212597 · Cited by 41
Using machine learning of computerized vocal expression to measure blunted vocal affect and alogia
Cohen, A. S., Cox, C. R., Le, T. P., Cowan, T., Masucci, M. D., Strauss, G. P., & Kirkpatrick, B. W. (2020) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-00115-2 · Cited by 39
Associations Between Adolescents’ Daily Digital Technology Use and Sleep
Burnell, K., George, M. J., Jensen, M. R., Hoyle, R. H., & Odgers, C. L. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.09.033 · Cited by 41
Aalbers, G., Hendrickson, A. T., Abeele, M. M. P. V., & Keijsers, L. (2022) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/37469 · Cited by 30
Using ambulatory assessment to measure dynamic risk processes in affective disorders
Stange, J. P., Kleiman, E. M., Mermelstein, R. J., & Trull, T. J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.060 · Cited by 42
Equilibria in Personality States: A Conceptual Primer for Dynamics in Personality States
Danvers, A. F., Wundrack, R., & Mehl, M. R. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2239 · Cited by 47
Hoorelbeke, K., den Bergh, N. V., Raedt, R. D., Wichers, M., & Koster, E. H. W. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620979775 · Cited by 43
The future is dynamic: A call for intensive longitudinal data in immunopsychiatry
Moriarity, D. P., & Slavich, G. M. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.002 · Cited by 35
Physical activity as an adjunct treatment for erectile dysfunction
Allen, M. S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-019-0210-6 · Cited by 38
Environmental adversity is associated with lower investment in collective actions
Lettinga, N., Jacquet, P. O., André, J., Baumard, N., & Chevallier, C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236715 · Cited by 41
Integrative Review of Early Life Adversity and Cortisol Regulation in Pregnancy
Epstein, C. M., Houfek, J. F., Rice, M. J., & Weiss, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2020.12.006 · Cited by 40
How the Monitoring Events of Individual Students Are Associated With Phases of Regulation
Malmberg, J., Saqr, M., Järvenoja, H., & Järvelä, S. (2022) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2022.7429 · Cited by 39
Mapping the self in self‐regulation using complex dynamic systems approach
Saqr, M., & López‐Pernas, S. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13452 · Cited by 42
Heterogeneity in suicide risk: Evidence from personalized dynamic models
Coppersmith, D. D. L., Kleiman, E. M., Millner, A. J., Wang, S. B., Arizmendi, C., Bentley, K. H., DeMarco, D., Fortgang, R. G., Zuromski, K. L., Maimone, J. S., et al. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104574 · Cited by 43
An Examination of Idiographic Networks of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Reeves, J. W., & Fisher, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22491 · Cited by 44
Self-citationBagging improves reproducibility of functional parcellation of the human brain
Nikolaidis, A., Heinsfeld, A. S., Xu, T., Bellec, P., Vogelstein, J. T., & Milham, M. P. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116678 · Cited by 38
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000422 · Cited by 38
Social Needs and Happiness: A Life Course Perspective
Buijs, V. L., Jeronimus, B. F., Lodder, G. M. A., Steverink, N., & de Jonge, P. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00287-9 · Cited by 47
Self-citationFramework for selecting and benchmarking mobile devices in psychophysiological research
Kleckner, I. R., Feldman, M. J., Goodwin, M. S., & Quigley, K. S. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01438-9 · Cited by 39
Haws, J. K., Brockdorf, A. N., Gratz, K. L., Messman, T. L., Tull, M. T., & DiLillo, D. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102536 · Cited by 38
The Family of Single-Case Experimental Designs
Epstein, L. H., & Dallery, J. (2022) · Harvard Data Science Review · doi:10.1162/99608f92.ff9300a8 · Cited by 48
Thinking within-persons: Using unit fixed-effects models to describe causal mechanisms
Quintana, R. (2021) · Methods in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.metip.2021.100076 · Cited by 32
Lancaster, C. L., Grös, D. F., Mullarkey, M. C., Badour, C. L., Killeen, T. K., Brady, K. T., & Back, S. E. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000304 · Cited by 36
Time for a reassessment of the treatment of hypothyroidism
Midgley, J. E. M., Toft, A. D., Larisch, R., Dietrich, J. W., & Hoermann, R. (2019) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0365-4 · Cited by 36
Brakemeier, E., & Herpertz, S. C. (2019) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-019-00808-9 · Cited by 36
Huang, X., Rootes-Murdy, K., Bastidas, D. M., Nee, D. E., & Franklin, J. C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59490-6 · Cited by 36
Schreuder, M. J., Groen, R. N., Wigman, J. T. W., Hartman, C. A., & Wichers, M. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02674-1 · Cited by 48
Olsen, A., Babikian, T., Bigler, E. D., Caeyenberghs, K., Conde, V., Dams-O’Connor, K., Dobryakova, E., Genova, H. M., Grafman, J. H., Haberg, A. K., et al. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00313-7 · Cited by 37
Self-citationLevinson, C. A., Vanzhula, I. A., Smith, T., & Stice, E. M. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103731 · Cited by 38
Natural Language Processing and Psychosis: On the Need for Comprehensive Psychometric Evaluation
Cohen, A. S., Rodriguez, Z. B., Warren, K. K., Cowan, T., Masucci, M. D., Granrud, O. E., Holmlund, T. B., Chandler, C., Foltz, P. W., & Strauss, G. P. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac051 · Cited by 38
Slow down and be critical before using early warning signals in psychopathology
Helmich, M. A., Schreuder, M. J., Bringmann, L. F., Riese, H., Snippe, E., & Smit, A. C. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00369-y · Cited by 39
Bored by bothering? A cost-value approach to pandemic boredom
Martarelli, C., Wolff, W., & Bieleke, M. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00894-8 · Cited by 35
Coppersmith, D. D. L., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., & Nock, M. K. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.05.003 · Cited by 40
Soyster, P. D., Bosley, H. G., Reeves, J. W., Altman, A. D., & Fisher, A. J. (2019) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2019.06 · Cited by 33
Self-citationRabinowitz, A. R., & Fisher, A. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57220-1 · Cited by 39
Self-citationTorous, J. B., Choudhury, T., Barnett, I., Keshavan, M. S., & Kane, J. M. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20805 · Cited by 35
Horst, F., Janssen, D., Beckmann, H., & Schöllhorn, W. I. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02262 · Cited by 38
Statements About the Pervasiveness of Behavior Require Data About the Pervasiveness of Behavior
Speelman, C. P., & McGann, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594675 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, Aaron J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-06-18
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- E6106-E6115
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6142277
- OpenAlex
- W2808831456
- Cited by
- 1,099
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 132 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 21
- FWCI
- 82.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (1-DP5- OD021352)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- within-person variability, interindividual variability, aggregation bias, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Group
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
