The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research
Open accessAbstract
Significance: The current study quantified the degree to which group data are able to describe individual participants. We utilized intensive repeated-measures data—data that have been collected many times, across many individuals—to compare the distributions of bivariate correlations calculated within subjects vs. those calculated between subjects. Because the vast majority of social and medical science research aggregates across subjects, we aimed to assess how closely such aggregations reflect their constituent individuals. We provide evidence that conclusions drawn from aggregated data may be worryingly imprecise. Specifically, the variance in individuals is up to four times larger than in groups. These data call for a focus on idiography and open science that may substantially alter best-practice guidelines in the medical and behavioral sciences.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given that between-person differences do not necessarily generalize to within-person changes (Fisher et al., 2018), it is important to confirm previous between-person results regarding the structure of aversive reactivity and its associations with symptom change and extend these results to withinperson processes.”
From Within-person changes in aversive reactivity predict session-to-session reductions in anxiety and depression in the unified protocol. (2024) · cites this paper as Fisher et al., 2018
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In doing this, SCEDs provide evidence of the effectiveness of interventions, drawing on substantially fewer participants than nomothetic approaches (such as RCTs) [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“in clinical trials, individual outcomes within tested groups are aggregated but outcomes between individuals are rarely the same (e.g., the variance in individuals can be up to four times greater than in groups [12,13]).”
From Hasty generalizations and generics in medical research: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“However, it has been recognised that the inherent clinical heterogeneity associated with mental disorders may necessitate a greater focus on inter-individual differences to ensure generalisability to unseen cases (39, 43, 44).”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals
Robinson, W. S. (1950) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087176 · Cited by 4,547
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
TESTING FOR SERIAL CORRELATION IN LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION. II
Durbin, J., & Watson, G. S. (1951) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/38.1-2.159 · Cited by 3,636
Analysis of serial measurements in medical research.
Matthews, J. N. S., Altman, D. G., Campbell, M. J., & Royston, P. J. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6719.230 · Cited by 3,137
Variance component model to account for sample structure in genome-wide association studies
Kang, H. M., Sul, J. H., Service, S. K., Zaitlen, N. A., Kong, S.-Y., Freimer, N. B., Sabatti, C., & Eskin, E. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.548 · Cited by 2,817
Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable
Beck, N. L., Katz, J. N., & Tucker, R. P. (1998) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2991857 · Cited by 2,443
The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables
Simpson, E. H. (1951) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1951.tb00088.x · Cited by 2,301 · cited 1×
“Simpson’s paradox (12) is a statistical effect in which trends in subgroups differ from (or are even inverse to) the aggregate trend when the groups are combined.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- L Boltzmann, On the relation between the second law of the mechanical theory of heat and the probability calculus with respect to the theorems on thermal equilibrium. Kais Akad Wiss Wien Math Natumiss Classe 76, 373–435 (1877).
- PCM Molenaar, Rejoinder to Rogosa’s commentary on “A manifesto on psychology as idiographic science.”. Measurement 3, 116–119 (2005).
- WW Wei, Time series analysis. The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods in Psychology (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford) Vol 2 (2006).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,002
Zhou, M., Zhu, D., Guo, S., Zheng, M., & Dang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1620464 · Cited by 1
Dückers, M. (2025) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/s12963-025-00429-2 · Cited by 1
Transdiagnostic network mapping of psychopathology in daily life: Rationale and research protocol
Guðmundsdóttir, G. R., Roefs, A., Martínez, A. J., Jansen, A. T. M., Fried, E. I., Groot, E. L., & Lemmens, L. H. J. M. (2025) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.15939 · Cited by 2
Post-traumatic stress symptoms in women with a history of sexual trauma: A network approach
Valencia, P. D., & la Rosa-Gómez, A. D. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100630 · Cited by 1
Bourke, M., Harrison, Z., Staton, S., Rossa, K. R., & Smith, S. S. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102232 · Cited by 4
Schippling, M. (2026) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.56 · Cited by 1
Boecking, B., Steinmetzger, K., Rose, M., Brüeggemann, P., & Mazurek, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1724030 · Cited by 1
Task, person, and experiential characteristics drive the transfer of learning
LaFollette, K. J., Frank, D. J., Burgoyne, A. P., & Macnamara, B. N. (2026) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-026-00408-9 · Cited by 1
Wang, S., Liu, Q. S., Guo, T., Chen, X., Tan, Q., Zhen, Z., & Kong, F. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01022-6 · Cited by 2
Detecting momentary reward and affect with real-time passive digital sensor data
Akre, S., Cohen, Z. D., Welborn, A., Zbozinek, T. D., Craske, M. G., & Bui, A. (2026) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag005 · Cited by 1
Shi, S., Fisher, A. J., Rabinowitz, A. R., & Silverberg, N. D. (2026) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617726101854 · Cited by 1
Self-citationAffizie, G. (2026) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680261425952 · Cited by 1
Extending reliability to intensive longitudinal data with the Kalman filter
Hunter, M. D. (2026) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.70039 · Cited by 1
Hann, F., Rónai, L., Kéri, S., & Polner, B. (2026) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2026.2632966 · Cited by 1
Is zero effect really evidence of no effect? Introducing an outcomes balance perspective
Jarman, H. K., McLean, S. A., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102075 · Cited by 1
Plaitano, E. G., Frumkin, M. R., Jacobson, N. C., Gray, J. J., Panchal, A. R., Watson, P., & Marsch, L. A. (2026) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-026-00201-w · Cited by 1
Precision Imaging for Intraindividual Investigation of the Reward Response
Mattoni, M., Wang, S., Sharp, C. J., Olino, T. M., & Smith, D. V. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70512 · Cited by 1
Olofsson, M. E., Giltay, E. J., Eielsen, H. P., Vrabel, K. R., Oddli, H. W., & Kopland, M. C. G. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-026-01579-w · Cited by 2
Hardi, F. A., Keding, T. J., Holt-Gosselin, B., Goldfarb, E. V., & Gee, D. G. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726104115 · Cited by 1
Voß, C., Kische, H., Ollmann, T. M., Rückert, F., Hoyer, J., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08273-w · Cited by 1
Patel, T. A., Swaine, V. K., & Cougle, J. R. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2026.2690436 · Cited by 1
First-Person Psychopharmacology (1PPP): A New Way Forward for Clinical Trials
Stupak, R., & Lichtenberg, P. (2026) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678261455500 · Cited by 1
Yu, C., & Moore, K. N. (2026) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2026.2691574 · Cited by 1
Bringing Single-Case Experimental Designs Into Routine Care
Scholten, S., Glombiewski, J. A., Kolb-Grunder, L., Heider, J., Henrich, D., Herzog, P., Schemer, L., Stenkamp, S., & Haas, J. W. (2026) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000868 · Cited by 1
Reeves, J. W., Fisher, A. J., & Woodward, S. H. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102144 · Cited by 1
Self-citationConsidering the Systemic and Culturally Sensitive Model of the Self-Structure
Gamsakhurdia, V. L. (2022) · SpringerBriefs in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06301-5_2 · Cited by 1
Statistical Controversies in Psychological Science
Hales, A. H., & Wood, N. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04968-2_9 · Cited by 2
Sport Sciences: An Ideal Field of Play for Integrated Knowledges
Vedova, D. D. (2022) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94651-7_25 · Cited by 1
Anxiety as a Predictor of Emotional and Cognitive Reactivity both Within and Between People
Lovette, A. J., Gabruk, M. E., Zhang, Y., Mick, C. R., Wilson, R. A., Olatunji, B. O., & Cole, D. A. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10350-3 · Cited by 1
Towards a more complex, dynamic, and personalized perspective on development.
Yperen, N. W. V., & Hartigh, R. J. R. D. (2023) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000280 · Cited by 1
Ramos‐Vera, C., Saavedra, G. T., Crisostomo, E. H., Serpa‐Barrientos, A., & Vallejos-Saldarriaga, J. (2023) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v21i59.6270 · Cited by 3
Zilcha‐Mano, S., Fisher, H., Dolev‐Amit, T., Keefe, A. J. R., & Barber, J. P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197611012.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Nonergodicity and Simpson’s paradox in neurocognitive dynamics of cognitive control
Mistry, P. K., Branigan, N. K., Gao, Z., Cai, W., & Menon, V. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71404-0 · Cited by 1
Tveit, H. H., & Stenseng, F. (2024) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-024-01733-3 · Cited by 1
Youth Digital Wellbeing and Social Connectedness
Charmaraman, L., Nesi, J. L., Schueller, S. M., Choukas‐Bradley, S., Hernandez, J. M., & Davis, K. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69362-5_31 · Cited by 1
Effect of windmill arm exercises on junior swimmers’ 50-meter freestyle speed in swimming
Karakauki, M., Prasetyo, Y., Rismayanthi, C., Ali, S. K. S., Hardianto, D., Fernando, R., Alficandra, A., Auliana, R., Utami, D., Utami, D. Y., et al. (2024) · doi:10.56984/8zg020c49rp · Cited by 1
Clinical thyroidology: beyond the 1970s’ TSH-T4 Paradigm
Lindner, H. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1529791 · Cited by 2
Introduction to human–computer interaction
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0001 · Cited by 2
Equilibrium Causal Models: Connecting Dynamical Systems Modeling and Cross-Sectional Data Analysis
Ryan, O., & Dablander, F. (2025) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2025.2522733 · Cited by 1
Constructing a credible case report: assembling your evidence
Ebrall, P. S. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Chiropractic · doi:10.67681/lmbu3051 · Cited by 1
Gompertz’ Hazard Law as a Network Principle of Aging
Korf, J., & Sas, A. A. (2019) · The Open Biology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874196701907010014 · Cited by 1
Prozessmonitoring und Feedback in der Psychotraumatologie: Hintergründe und Anwendung
Kratzer, L., & Heinz, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-29906-4_25 · Cited by 1
Classical Conditioning for Pain: The Development of a Customized Single-Case Experimental Design
De, T. K., & Madden, V. J. (2022) · Journal of Trial and Error · doi:10.36850/e8 · Cited by 1
Characterization of Binge Eating Days in Daily Life
Reichenberger, J., Arend, A., & Jens Blechert, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16691-4_57 · Cited by 1
Friedman, H. L. (2023) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2023.42.1.72 · Cited by 1
Using Network Analysis to Compare Caregiver and Youth Reports of Youths’ Depressive SymptomsPreprint
Mullarkey, M. C., Schleider, J. L., Jones, P. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dhxp5 · Cited by 1
Anxiety and Depression from a Dynamic Systems PerspectivePreprint
Jeronimus, B. F. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cdfby · Cited by 1
Self-citationvan Baal, S. T., Verdejo‐García, A., & Hohwy, J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.21263407 · Cited by 1
Frumkin, M. R., Carpenter, R. W., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4krzb · Cited by 1
Machine Learning Can Solve the Reproducibility Crisis by Supplanting Reductionist StatisticsPreprint
Sadri, A. (2022) · MetArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/yxba5 · Cited by 1
Detecting Idiographic Personality ChangePreprint
Beck, E. D., & Jackson, J. J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uts5a · Cited by 3
Keijsers, L., Boele, S., & Bülow, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pu29s · Cited by 1
Schuster, R., Schreyer, M. L., Kaiser, T., Berger, T., Klein, J. P., Moritz, S., Laireiter, A., & Trutschnig, W. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/chjur · Cited by 1
Statistical Modelling for Sports Scientists: Practical Introduction Using R (Part 1)Preprint
Jovanovic, M. (2019) · doi:10.31236/osf.io/dnq3m · Cited by 1
There and back again: a dynamical perspective on psychological resilience
Kuranova, A. (2022) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.223532259 · Cited by 2
Rothschild, J. A., Morton, J. P., Stewart, T. I., Kilding, A. E., & Plews, D. J. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.22276725 · Cited by 1
Simpson's Paradox in Psychology
Mangalam, M. (2022) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0301 · Cited by 1
Hann, F., Rónai, L., Kéri, S., & Polner, B. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wcbt4 · Cited by 1
Heino, M. T. J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qxa4n · Cited by 1
Mind the gap - Ideas for making clinical research more relevant for practitioners and patientsPreprint
Berg, M., Schemer, L., Kirchner, L., & Scholten, S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2qvhy · Cited by 4
When expert predictions failPreprint
Grossmann, I., Varnum, M. E. W., Hutcherson, C. A. C., & Mandel, D. R. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/my24e · Cited by 1
Appearance focused self-concept predicts disordered eating behaviour: An experience sampling study
Nicoletta, J. (2023) · doi:10.22215/etd/2023-15759 · Cited by 1
Bagnara, L., Moeck, E. K., Kuppens, P., Bianchi, V., & Koval, P. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2bhfj · Cited by 2
Robustness, generalizability, and heterogeneity of dynamic networks of psychopathology.Preprint
Martínez, A. J., Waldorp, L., Fried, E. I., Lemmens, L. H. J. M., & Roefs, A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rv6mz · Cited by 1
Pfund, G. N., Springstein, T., & Willroth, E. C. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pgv27 · Cited by 1
Non-ergodicity in ecology and evolutionPreprint
Kuosmanen, T., Minetto, A., & Mustonen, V. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673433 · Cited by 1
Glazier, P. S., & Mehdizadeh, S. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01081-1
Gawęda, Ł., & Nelson, B. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12891
Commentary: Contextualizing Neuroticism in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology
Jeronimus, B. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00175 · Cited by 1
Self-citationIntelligentieonderzoek komt van Venus en neuropsychologisch onderzoek van Mars?
de Zeeuw, P., & Nelwan, M. (2020) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-019-00224-5
Nyman, T. J. (2020) · Doria (University of Helsinki)
Evaluating Non–Statistically Significant Results From Trials in Practice
Hofmann, S. G. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.15648
How much truth is in stereotypes?
Czarnik, S. (2020) · Philosophical Problems in Science (Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce) · doi:10.59203/zfn.68.519
Jeronimus, B. F. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u9j3n
Self-citationStatements about the Pervasiveness of Behaviour Require Data about the Pervasiveness of BehaviourPreprint
Speelman, C. P., & McGann, M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bxzm4
Subjectifying the personality state: Theoretical underpinnings and an empirical examplePreprint
Lab, A. A. R. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ywm57
Do early birds share their worms? How empathy and prosociality vary across the course of the dayPreprint
Francis, Z. L., Depow, G. J., & Inzlicht, M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yfch6
Personalized Models of Internalizing Symptoms for Women with Social Anxiety Disorder and DepressionPreprint
Piccirillo, M. L., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yjq65
Being realist(ic) about behavioral variability
Maatman, F. O., Olthof, M., & Hasselman, F. (2021) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593543211008236
Willroth, E. C. (2019) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
The Study of Mediators and Mechanisms in Psychotherapy Research
Andrews, L. A., Curtiss, J. E., & Hayes, A. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00220-x · Cited by 1
Solidaridad y experiencias juveniles
Vasquez, A. (2009) · Monitor educador
Schueller, S. M., & Parks, A. C. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.2016912
Kvetnaya, T. (2022) · Thesis Commons (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/ncf8a
Heino, M. T. J. (2022) · Journal of Open Psychology Data · doi:10.5334/jopd.51
Southward, M. W., Semcho, S., Stumpp, N. E., MacLean, D. L., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hzu8d
Bridging Maladaptive Social Self-Beliefs and Social Anxiety: A Network PerspectivePreprint
Heeren, A., Bernstein, E. E., & McNally, R. J. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x6gsm
Blume, C., & Schabus, M. (2019) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/6cxhs
Coussement, C., de Vega, M. R., & Heeren, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/t2exb
Frumkin, M. R., Haroutounian, S., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fuers
An examination of idiographic networks of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomsPreprint
Reeves, J. W., & Fisher, A. J. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aqkvb
Self-citationBoele, S., Bülow, A., de Haan, A. D., Denissen, J. J. A., & Keijsers, L. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dak4u
Single Case and Idiographic Research: Introduction to the Special IssuePreprint
Persons, J. B., & Boswell, J. F. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5pnx6
Focus, vertrouwen, veerkracht: en andere mentale aspecten van sport en presteren
Yperen, N. W. V. (2022) · University of Groningen Press eBooks · doi:10.21827/62728264763fd
Perski, O., Kwaśnicka, D., Kale, D., Schneider, V., Szinay, D., ten Hoor, G. A., Asiamah-Asare, B. K. Y., Verboon, P., Powell, D., Naughton, F., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/au498
Interventionsdesign, Evaluationsverfahren und Wirksamkeit von Interventionen
Reis, D., & Meier, L. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-28651-4_24
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, Aaron J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-06-18
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- E6106-E6115
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6142277
- OpenAlex
- W2808831456
- Cited by
- 1,099
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 132 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 21
- FWCI
- 82.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (1-DP5- OD021352)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- within-person variability, interindividual variability, aggregation bias, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Group
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
