The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facephenes and rainbows: Causal evidence for functional and anatomical specificity of face and color processing in the human brain
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Are some regions of the human brain exclusively engaged in a single specific mental process? Here we test this question in a neurosurgery patient implanted with electrodes for clinical reasons. When electrically stimulated in the fusiform face area while viewing objects, the patient reported illusory faces while the objects remained unchanged. When stimulated in nearby color-preferring sites, he reported seeing rainbows. The fact that stimulation of face-selective sites affected only face percepts and stimulation of color-preferring sites affected only color percepts, in both cases independent of the object being viewed, supports the view that some regions of cortex are indeed exclusively causally engaged in a single mental process and highlights the risks entailed in standard interpretations of neural decoding results.
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“Similar effects have been confirmed in human subjects, and previous work has demonstrated that electrical stimulation of higher-order visual areas can elicit a range of feature-specific percepts (Murphey et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2000; Schalk et al., 2017).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Schalk et al., 2017
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Cites
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Optical stimulation of inferior temporal cortex induces object-specific visual distortions.Preprint
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Self-citationAzadi, R., Bohn, S., Lopez, E., Lafer-Sousa, R., Wang, K., & Afraz, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1331186/v2
Self-citationWilczynski, W., & Brosnan, S. F. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671187.007
Color Information Processing in Higher Brain Areas
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Baumgartner, C. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734171812.793565904
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Willbrand, E. H., Kelly, J. P., Chen, X. S., Zhen, Z., Jiahui, G., Duchaine, B., & Weiner, K. S. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0562-25.2025 · Cited by 1
A case study of early-emerging prosopometamorphopsia
Fortner, S. G., Mello, A., Stehr, D., Kodiweera, C., Jung, H., Kerns, S. H., Bujarski, K. A., Wager, T. D., & Duchaine, B. (2026) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.690312
BCI-Fi: The Dialogue Between Brain-Computer Interfaces and Fiction
Allison, B. Z., & Rabkin, E. S. (2026) · Springer briefs in electrical and computer engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25828-1_15
Electrical Microstimulation in Macaque Early Visual Cortex Reveals Causal Links to Color Perception
彭建仁, & Gu, Y. (2026) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-026-01707-1
Huggins, J. E., Mattia, D., Aarnoutse, E. J., Allison, B. Z., Berezutskaya, J., Bianchi, L., Chavarriaga, R., Corsi, M., Dean, H., Fernandes, F., et al. (2026) · Research in Biomedical Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1080/29960355.2026.2731643
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schalk, G., Kapeller, C., Guger, C., Ogawa, H., Hiroshima, S., Lafer-Sousa, R., Saygin, Z. M., Kamada, K., & Kanwisher, N.
- Affiliations
- New York State Department of Health (US)
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz (AT)
- Guger Technologies (Austria) (AT)
- Asahikawa Medical University (JP)
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-10-30
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- 12285-12290
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5699078
- OpenAlex
- W2766424791
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (DP1HD091947)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB018783)
- DOD | United States Army | RDECOM | Army Research Office (W911NF-14-1-0440)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- face processing, color processing, fusiform face area, electrical brain stimulation, electrocorticography
- MeSH terms
- Drug Resistant Epilepsy, Adult, Brain Mapping, Color, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Face, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe
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