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Distinct encoding of decision confidence in human medial prefrontal cortex
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Abstract
Abstract Our confidence in a choice and the evidence pertaining to a choice appear to be inseparable. An emerging computational consensus is, however, that the brain should maintain separate estimates of these quantities for adaptive behavioural control. Here we devised a psychophysical task to decouple confidence in a perceptual decision from both the reliability of sensory evidence and the relation of such evidence with respect to a choice boundary. Using human fMRI, we found that an area in medial prefrontal cortex (perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, pgACC) tracked expected performance, an aggregate signature of decision confidence, whereas neural areas previously proposed to encode decision confidence instead tracked sensory reliability (posterior parietal cortex and ventral striatum) or boundary distance (pre-supplementary motor area). Supporting that information encoded by pgACC is central to a subjective sense of decision confidence, we show that pgACC activity does not simply co-vary with expected performance but is also linked to within-subject and between-subject variation in explicit confidence estimates. Our study is consistent with the proposal that the brain maintains choice-dependent and choice-independent estimates of certainty, and sheds light on why dysfunctional confidence often emerges following prefrontal lesions and/or degeneration. Significance Statement Recent computational models propose that our sense of confidence in a choice reflects an estimate of the probability that the choice is correct. However, it has proven difficult to experimentally separate decision confidence from its component parts, such as our certainty about perceptual evidence or choice requirements. Here we devised a task to dissociate these quantities and isolate a distinct encoding of decision confidence in the medial prefrontal cortex of the human brain. We show that activity in this area not only tracks expected performance on a task but is also related to both within-subject and between-subject variation in a subjective sense of confidence. Our study illuminates why dysfunctional confidence often emerges following damage to prefrontal cortex.
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“Whereas sensory uncertainty (motion coherence) was related to activity in extrastriate visual and parietal cortex (notably, areas MT+ and bilateral intraparietal sulcus, a human homologue of LIP), signatures of propositional confidence were instead observed within perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), part of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Bang & Fleming 2018
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“Early confidence-related signals were seen in vmPFC [in a pgACC region similar to the one identified by Bang & Fleming (2018)], whereas later judgment-related activation was seen in lateral frontopolar cortex.”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Bang & Fleming 2018
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bang, D., & Fleming, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-05-21
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 6082-6087
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6003322
- OpenAlex
- W2803340568
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 12.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome (203147/Z/16/Z)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- decision confidence, medial prefrontal cortex, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, perceptual decision making, expected performance, posterior parietal cortex, ventral striatum, pre-supplementary motor area, confidence estimation, prefrontal lesions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Decision Making, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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