Human VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisions
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Abstract
Choice confidence, an individual’s internal estimate of judgment accuracy, plays a critical role in adaptive behaviour, yet its neural representations during decision formation remain underexplored. Here, we recorded simultaneous EEG-fMRI while participants performed a direction discrimination task and rated their confidence on each trial. Using multivariate single-trial discriminant analysis of the EEG, we identified a stimulus-independent component encoding confidence, which appeared prior to subjects’ explicit choice and confidence report, and was consistent with a confidence measure predicted by an accumulation-to-bound model of decision-making. Importantly, trial-to-trial variability in this electrophysiologically-derived confidence signal was uniquely associated with fMRI responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), a region not typically associated with confidence for perceptual decisions. Furthermore, activity in the VMPFC was functionally coupled with regions of the frontal cortex linked to perceptual decision-making and metacognition. Our results suggest that the VMPFC holds an early confidence representation arising from decision dynamics, preceding and potentially informing metacognitive evaluation.
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Early confidence-related signals are seen in vmPFC (in a pgACC region similar to that identified by Bang & Fleming), whereas later judgment-related activation is seen in lateral frontopolar cortex.
“Early confidence-related signals were seen in vmPFC [in a pgACC region similar to the one identified by Bang & Fleming (2018)], whereas later judgment-related activation was seen in lateral frontopolar cortex.”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Gherman & Philiastides 2018
Early neural activations correlate with confidence, whereas later activations are linked to the requirement for an explicit metacognitive judgment.
“Using EEG-informed fMRI, they could separate early neural activations correlating with confidence from later activations linked to the requirement for an explicit metacognitive judgment.”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Gherman & Philiastides 2018
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- Authors
- Gherman, S., & Philiastides, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Philiastides, Marios G.
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2018-09-24
- Volume
- 7
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6199131
- OpenAlex
- W2952945985
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 5.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/L012995/1)
- British Academy (SG121587)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- decision confidence, perceptual decision making, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, metacognition, EEG-fMRI, direction discrimination, trial-to-trial variability, frontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Metacognition, Adult, Decision Making, Electroencephalography, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Self Concept, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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