Cited by 2,814Neuroscience and Music PerceptionNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorMusic Therapy and Health

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Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion

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Blood, Anne J., Zatorre, Robert J.·2001·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.191355898PMC PMC58814

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Abstract

We used positron emission tomography to study neural mechanisms underlying intensely pleasant emotional responses to music. Cerebral blood flow changes were measured in response to subject-selected music that elicited the highly pleasurable experience of "shivers-down-the-spine" or "chills." Subjective reports of chills were accompanied by changes in heart rate, electromyogram, and respiration. As intensity of these chills increased, cerebral blood flow increases and decreases were observed in brain regions thought to be involved in reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal, including ventral striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex. These brain structures are known to be active in response to other euphoria-inducing stimuli, such as food, sex, and drugs of abuse. This finding links music with biologically relevant, survival-related stimuli via their common recruitment of brain circuitry involved in pleasure and reward.

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Authors: Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J.
Affiliations: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
ORCID: Zatorre, Robert J.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2001-09-25
Volume: 98
Issue: 20
Pages: 11818-11823
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191355898
PMC: PMC58814
OpenAlex: W2151422895
Cited by: 2,814
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 95 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 147 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 169 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 177 · 2017: 132 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 164 · 2014: 140 · 2013: 160 · 2012: 116
FWCI: 13.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
Keywords: music pleasure, chills, reward, emotions, cerebral blood flow, ventral striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, midbrain, arousal, subjective emotional responses, heart rate, respiration, electromyography
MeSH terms: Adult, Amygdala, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Hippocampus, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Music, Organ Specificity, Regression Analysis, Respiration, Reward, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Prefrontal Cortex

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Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion

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