Cited by 253HIV Research and TreatmentT-cell and Retrovirus StudiesHIV/AIDS drug development and treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Defective HIV-1 proviruses produce viral proteins

Open access

Imamichi, Hiromi, Smith, Mindy, Adelsberger, Joseph W., Izumi, Taisuke, Scrimieri, Francesca, Sherman, Brad T., Rehm, Catherine A., Imamichi, Tomozumi, Pau, Alice, Catalfamo, Marta, Fauci, Anthony S., Lane, H. Clifford·2020·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1917876117PMC PMC7035625

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

HIV-1 proviruses persist in the CD4 + T cells of HIV-infected individuals despite years of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) with suppression of HIV-1 RNA levels <40 copies/mL. Greater than 95% of these proviruses detected in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are referred to as “defective” by virtue of having large internal deletions and lethal genetic mutations. As these defective proviruses are unable to encode intact and replication-competent viruses, they have long been thought of as biologically irrelevant “graveyard” of viruses with little significance to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Contrary to this notion, we have recently demonstrated that these defective proviruses are not silent, are capable of transcribing novel unspliced forms of HIV-RNA transcripts with competent open reading frames (ORFs), and can be found in the peripheral blood CD4 + T cells of patients at all stages of HIV-1 infection. In the present study, by an approach of combining serial dilutions of CD4 + T cells and T cell–cloning technologies, we are able to demonstrate that defective proviruses that persist in HIV-infected individuals during suppressive cART are translationally competent and produce the HIV-1 Gag and Nef proteins. The HIV-RNA transcripts expressed from these defective proviruses may trigger an element of innate immunity. Likewise, the viral proteins coded in the defective proviruses may form extracellular virus-like particles and may trigger immune responses. The persistent production of HIV-1 proteins in the absence of viral replication helps explain persistent immune activation despite HIV-1 levels below detection, and also presents new challenges to HIV-1 eradication.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1917876117

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., et al. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019 · Cited by 66,890
Frequent Detection and Isolation of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and at Risk for AIDS
Gallo, R. C., Salahuddin, S. Z., Popovič, M., Shearer, G. M., Kaplan, M., Haynes, B. F., Palker, T. J., Redfield, R. R., Oleske, J. M., Safai, B., et al. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6200936 · Cited by 3,639
. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection.
Kuller, L. H., Tracy, R., Belloso, W., Wit, S. D., Drummond, F., Lane, H. C., Ledergerber, B., Lundgren, J., Neuhaus, J., Nixon, D., et al. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050203 · Cited by 1,617
Self-citation
Replication-competent noninduced proviruses in the latent reservoir increase barrier to HIV-1 cure
Ho, Y.-C., Shan, L., Hosmane, N. N., Wang, J., Laskey, S. B., Rosenbloom, D. I. S., Lai, J., Blankson, J. N., Siliciano, J. D., & Siliciano, R. F. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.020 · Cited by 1,405
The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1
Roberts, J. D., Bebenek, K., & Kunkel, T. A. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2460925 · Cited by 997
Fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
Preston, B. D., Poiesz, B. J., & Loeb, L. A. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2460924 · Cited by 931
Defective proviruses rapidly accumulate during acute HIV-1 infection
Bruner, K. M., Murray, A. J., Pollack, R. A., Soliman, M. G., Laskey, S. B., Capoferri, A. A., Lai, J., Strain, M. C., Lada, S. M., Hoh, R., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4156 · Cited by 737
Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Leukemia (Lymphotropic) Virus Type III in the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Shaw, G. M., Hahn, B. H., Arya, S. K., Groopman, J. E., Gallo, R. C., & Wong‐Staal, F. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6095449 · Cited by 633
HIV-1 Reverse TranscriptionPreprint
Hu, W.-S., & Hughes, S. H. (2012) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006882 · Cited by 597
Absence of Detectable HIV-1 Viremia after Treatment Cessation in an Infant
Persaud, D., Gay, H., Ziemniak, C., Chen, Y. H., Piatak, M., Chun, T., Strain, M. C., Richman, D. D., & Luzuriaga, K. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1302976 · Cited by 580

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 46 references

1 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021
Deeks, S. G., Archin, N., Cannon, P., Collins, S., Jones, R. B., de Jong, M. A. W. P., Lambotte, O., Lamplough, R., Ndung’u, T., Sugarman, J., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01590-5 · Cited by 377
The Biology of the HIV-1 Latent Reservoir and Implications for Cure Strategies
Cohn, L. B., Chomont, N., & Deeks, S. G. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.014 · Cited by 296
Prevention, treatment and cure of HIV infection
Landovitz, R. J., Scott, H. M., & Deeks, S. G. (2023) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-023-00914-1 · Cited by 153
Recommendations for measuring HIV reservoir size in cure-directed clinical trials
Abdel‐Mohsen, M., Richman, D. D., Siliciano, R. F., Nussenzweig, M. C., Howell, B. J., Martínez‐Picado, J., Chomont, N., Bar, K. J., Yu, X. G., Lichterfeld, M. D., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1022-1 · Cited by 135
The latent reservoir of inducible, infectious HIV-1 does not decrease despite decades of antiretroviral therapy
McMyn, N. F., Varriale, J., Fray, E. J., Zitzmann, C., Macleod, H. H. B., Lai, J., Singhal, A., Moskovljevic, M., Garcia, M. A., Lopez, B. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci171554 · Cited by 143
Progressive transformation of the HIV-1 reservoir cell profile over two decades of antiviral therapy
Lian, X., Seiger, K. W., Parsons, E. M., Gao, C., Sun, W., Gladkov, G. T., Roseto, I. C., Einkauf, K. B., Osborn, M. R., Chevalier, J. M., et al. (2023) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.002 · Cited by 124
Intact proviral DNA assay analysis of large cohorts of people with HIV provides a benchmark for the frequency and composition of persistent proviral DNA
Simonetti, F. R., White, J. A., Tumiotto, C., Ritter, K. D., Cai, M., Gandhi, R. T., Deeks, S. G., Howell, B. J., Montaner, L. J., Blankson, J. N., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2006816117 · Cited by 114
Profound phenotypic and epigenetic heterogeneity of the HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cell reservoir
Wu, V. H., Nordin, J. M. L., Nguyen, S., Joy, J. P., Mampe, F., Estrada, P. M. D. R., Torres-Ruiz, F., González-Navarro, M., Luna-Villalobos, Y. A., Ávila‐Ríos, S., et al. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-022-01371-3 · Cited by 103
Signatures of immune selection in intact and defective proviruses distinguish HIV-1 elite controllers
Lian, X., Gao, C., Sun, X., Jiang, C., Einkauf, K. B., Seiger, K. W., Chevalier, J. M., Yuki, Y., Martin, M. P., Hoh, R., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl4097 · Cited by 100
The multifaceted nature of HIV latency
Dufour, C., Gantner, P., Fromentin, R., & Chomont, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci136227 · Cited by 104
Immunological approaches to HIV cure
Ward, A. R., Mota, T. M., & Jones, R. B. (2020) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412 · Cited by 95
Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management
Ellis, R. J., Marquine, M. J., Kaul, M., Fields, J. A., & Schlachetzki, J. C. M. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y · Cited by 101
Clonally expanded HIV-1 proviruses with 5′-leader defects can give rise to nonsuppressible residual viremia
White, J. A., Wu, F., Yasin, S., Moskovljevic, M., Varriale, J., Dragoni, F., Camilo-Contreras, A., Duan, J., Zheng, M. Y., Tadzong, N. F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci165245 · Cited by 89
Intact HIV Proviruses Persist in the Brain Despite Viral Suppression with ART
Cochrane, C. R., Angelovich, T. A., Byrnes, S. J., Waring, E., Guanizo, A. C., Trollope, G. S., Zhou, J., Vue, J., Senior, L., Wanicek, E., et al. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26456 · Cited by 84
Spontaneous HIV expression during suppressive ART is associated with the magnitude and function of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
Dubé, M., Tastet, O., Dufour, C., Sannier, G., Brassard, N., Ortega-Delgado, G.-G., Pagliuzza, A., Richard, C., Nayrac, M., Routy, J., et al. (2023) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.006 · Cited by 87
Longitudinal clonal dynamics of HIV-1 latent reservoirs measured by combination quadruplex polymerase chain reaction and sequencing
Cho, A., Gaebler, C., Olveira, T., Ramos, V., Saad, M., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Gazumyan, A., Moir, S. L., Caskey, M. F., Chun, T., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2117630119 · Cited by 77
The HIV-1 proviral landscape reveals that Nef contributes to HIV-1 persistence in effector memory CD4+ T cells
Duette, G., Hiener, B., Morgan, H., Mazur, F. G., Mathivanan, V., Horsburgh, B. A., Fisher, K., Tong, O., Lee, E., Ahn, H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci154422 · Cited by 76
Phenotypic analysis of the unstimulated in vivo HIV CD4 T cell reservoir
Neidleman, J. A., Luo, X., Frouard, J., Xie, G., Hsiao, F., Ma, T., Morcilla, V., Lee, A., Telwatte, S., Thomas, R., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.60933 · Cited by 78
Residual immune dysfunction under antiretroviral therapy
Cai, C. W., & Sereti, I. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101471 · Cited by 80
In-depth single-cell analysis of translation-competent HIV-1 reservoirs identifies cellular sources of plasma viremia
Cole, B., Lambrechts, L., Gantner, P., Noppe, Y., Bonine, N., Witkowski, W., Chen, L., Palmer, S., Mullins, J. I., Chomont, N., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24080-1 · Cited by 77
Non-invasive plasma glycomic and metabolic biomarkers of post-treatment control of HIV
Giron, L. B., Palmer, C. S., Liu, Q., Yin, X., Papasavvas, E., Sharaf, R., Etemad, B., Damra, M., Goldman, A. R., Tang, H., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24077-w · Cited by 71
HIV-specific T cell responses reflect substantive in vivo interactions with antigen despite long-term therapy
Stevenson, E. M., Ward, A. R., Truong, R., Thomas, A. S., Huang, S.-H., Dilling, T. R., Terry, S. N., Bui, J. K., Mota, T. M., Danesh, A., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.142640 · Cited by 65
The multifaceted nature of HIV latency
Dufour, C., Gantner, P., Fromentin, R., & Chomont, N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci151380 · Cited by 63
Long-term persistence of transcriptionally active ‘defective’ HIV-1 proviruses: implications for persistent immune activation during antiretroviral therapy
Singh, K., Natarajan, V., Dewar, R. L., Rupert, A. W., Badralmaa, Y., Zhai, T., Winchester, N., Scrimieri, F., Smith, M., Davis, I., et al. (2023) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003667 · Cited by 62
Self-citation
HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now?
Chou, T. C., Maggirwar, N. S., & Marsden, M. D. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16071163 · Cited by 72
Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies
Ta, T. M., Malik, S., Anderson, E. M., Jones, A. D., Perchik, J., Freylikh, M., Sardo, L., Klase, Z. A., & Izumi, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270 · Cited by 61
Self-citation
HBsAg, Subviral Particles, and Their Clearance in Establishing a Functional Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Vaillant, A. (2020) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00638 · Cited by 60
An active HIV reservoir during ART is associated with maintenance of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell magnitude and short-lived differentiation status
Takata, H., Mitchell, J. L., Pacheco, J. A., Pagliuzza, A., Pinyakorn, S., Buranapraditkun, S., Sacdalan, C., Leyre, L., Nathanson, S., Kakazu, J. C., et al. (2023) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.012 · Cited by 58
Combined single-cell transcriptional, translational, and genomic profiling reveals HIV-1 reservoir diversity
Sannier, G., Dubé, M., Dufour, C., Richard, C., Brassard, N., Ortega-Delgado, G.-G., Pagliuzza, A., Baxter, A. E., Niessl, J., Brunet‐Ratnasingham, E., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109643 · Cited by 58
NF-κB sub-pathways and HIV cure: A revisit
Wong, L., & Jiang, G. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103159 · Cited by 53
The cell biology of HIV-1 latency and rebound
Mbonye, U. R., & Karn, J. (2024) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-024-00639-w · Cited by 57
The Block-and-Lock Strategy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cure: Lessons Learned from Didehydro–Cortistatin A
Li, C., Mori, L., & Valente, S. T. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa681 · Cited by 42
Phenotypic characterization of single CD4+ T cells harboring genetically intact and inducible HIV genomes
Dufour, C., Richard, C., Pardons, M., Massanella, M., Ackaoui, A., Murrell, B., Routy, B., Thomas, R., Routy, J., Fromentin, R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36772-x · Cited by 47
Low Inducibility of Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Proviruses as a Major Barrier to Cure
Siliciano, J. D., & Siliciano, R. F. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa649 · Cited by 48
Multiply spliced HIV RNA is a predictive measure of virus production ex vivo and in vivo following reversal of HIV latency
Zerbato, J. M., Khoury, G., Zhao, W. D., Gartner, M. J., Pascoe, R. D., Rhodes, A., Dantanarayana, A., Gooey, M., Anderson, J. L., Bacchetti, P., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103241 · Cited by 45
Defective HIV-1 genomes and their potential impact on HIV pathogenesis
Kuniholm, J., Coote, C., & Henderson, A. J. (2022) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-022-00601-8 · Cited by 46
Why the HIV Reservoir Never Runs Dry: Clonal Expansion and the Characteristics of HIV-Infected Cells Challenge Strategies to Cure and Control HIV Infection
Lau, C., Adan, M. A., & Maldarelli, F. M. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13122512 · Cited by 45
HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence and Decay: Implications for Cure Strategies
Kreider, E. F., & Bar, K. J. (2022) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-022-00604-2 · Cited by 46
Elevation of cell-associated HIV-1 transcripts in CSF CD4+ T cells, despite effective antiretroviral therapy, is linked to brain injury
Suzuki, K., Zaunders, J. J., Gates, T. M., Levert‐Mignon, A., Butterly, S., Liu, Z., Ishida, T., Palmer, S., Rae, C. D., Jugé, L., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2210584119 · Cited by 43
Potent latency reversal by Tat RNA-containing nanoparticle enables multi-omic analysis of the HIV-1 reservoir
Pardons, M., Cole, B., Lambrechts, L., van Snippenberg, W., Rutsaert, S., Noppe, Y., Langhe, N. D., Dhondt, A., Vega, J. B., Eyassu, F., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44020-5 · Cited by 44
Impact of misclassified defective proviruses on HIV reservoir measurements
Reeves, D. B., Gaebler, C., Oliveira, T. Y., Peluso, M. J., Schiffer, J. T., Cohn, L. B., Deeks, S. G., & Nussenzweig, M. C. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39837-z · Cited by 40
Persistence of viral RNA in lymph nodes in ART-suppressed SIV/SHIV-infected Rhesus Macaques
Cadena, A. M., Ventura, J. D., Abbink, P., Borducchi, E. N., Tuyishime, H., Mercado, N. B., Walker-Sperling, V. E. K., Siamatu, M., Liu, P.-T., Chandrashekar, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21724-0 · Cited by 40
HIV persistence: silence or resistance?
Pasternak, A. O., & Berkhout, B. (2023) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101301 · Cited by 43
PROTAC-mediated degradation of HIV-1 Nef efficiently restores cell-surface CD4 and MHC-I expression and blocks HIV-1 replication
Emert‐Sedlak, L. A., Tice, C. M., Shi, H., Alvarado, J. J., Shu, S. T., Reitz, A. B., & Smithgall, T. E. (2024) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.004 · Cited by 36
Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Soluble Glycoprotein 120 Association With Correlates of Immune Dysfunction and Inflammation in Antiretroviral Therapy–Treated Individuals With Undetectable Viremia
Benlarbi, M., Richard, J., Bourassa, C., Tolbert, W. D., Chartrand‐Lefebvre, C., Gendron‐Lepage, G., Sylla, M., Far, M. E., Messier-Peet, M., Guertin, C., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad503 · Cited by 35
HIV transcription persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV
Eddine, J. J., Angelovich, T. A., Zhou, J., Byrnes, S. J., Tumpach, C., Saraya, N., Chalmers, E. K., Shepherd, R. A., Tan, A. E. Q., Marinis, S., et al. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012446 · Cited by 35
Extensive characterization of HIV-1 reservoirs reveals links to plasma viremia before and during analytical treatment interruption
Cole, B., Lambrechts, L., Boyer, Z., Noppe, Y., Scheerder, M. D., Eden, J., Vrancken, B., Schlub, T. E., McLaughlin, S., Frenkel, L. M., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110739 · Cited by 36
Biotypes of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders based on viral and immune pathogenesis
Johnson, T. P., & Nath, A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000825 · Cited by 35
Ultrasensitive Detection of p24 in Plasma Samples from People with Primary and Chronic HIV-1 Infection
Passaes, C., Delagreverie, H. M., Avettand-Fènoël, V., David, A., Monceaux, V., Essat, A., Müller-Trutwin, M. C., Duffy, D., Castro, N. D., Wittkop, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00016-21 · Cited by 34
Regional Analysis of Intact and Defective HIV Proviruses in the Brain of Viremic and Virally Suppressed People with HIV
Angelovich, T. A., Cochrane, C. R., Zhou, J., Tumpach, C., Byrnes, S. J., Eddine, J. J., Waring, E., Busman‐Sahay, K., Deléage, C., Jenkins, T. A., et al. (2023) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26750 · Cited by 33
Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.C.CH505 Persistence in ART-Suppressed Infant Macaques Is Characterized by Elevated SHIV RNA in the Gut and a High Abundance of Intact SHIV DNA in Naive CD4 + T Cells
Obregon-Perko, V., Bricker, K. M., Mensah, G., Uddin, F., Kumar, M. R., Fray, E. J., Siliciano, R. F., Schoof, N., Horner, A. M., Mavigner, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01669-20 · Cited by 33
Markers of Gut Barrier Function and Microbial Translocation Associate with Lower Gut Microbial Diversity in People with HIV
Ellis, R. J., Iudicello, J. E., Heaton, R. K., Isnard, S., Lin, J. C.-Y., Routy, J., Gianella, S., Hoenigl, M., & Knight, R. D. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13101891 · Cited by 33
Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies
Schriek, A. I., Aldon, Y., van Gils, M. J., & de Taeye, S. W. (2023) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788 · Cited by 29
HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages
Akiyama, H., & Gummuluru, S. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12070711 · Cited by 30
Correlation of SARS‑CoV‑2 to cancer: Carcinogenic or anticancer? (Review)
Li, Y., Ren, H.-C., & Cao, J.-H. (2022) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2022.5332 · Cited by 32
Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir Estimated by the Intact Proviral DNA Assay Correlates With Levels of Total and Integrated DNA in the Blood During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
Papasavvas, E., Azzoni, L., Ross, B. N., Fair, M. G., Yuan, Z., Gyampoh, K., Mackiewicz, A., Sciorillo, A., Pagliuzza, A., Lada, S. M., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa809 · Cited by 28
Gag p24 Is a Marker of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Expression in Tissues and Correlates With Immune Response
Wu, G., Zuck, P. D., Goh, S. L., Milush, J. M., Vohra, P., Wong, J. K., Somsouk, M., Yukl, S. A., Shacklett, B. L., Chomont, N., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab121 · Cited by 28
Plasma-Derived HIV-1 Virions Contain Considerable Levels of Defective Genomes
Fisher, K., Wang, X. Q., Lee, A., Morcilla, V., de Vries, A., Lee, E., Eden, J., Deeks, S. G., Kelleher, A. D., & Palmer, S. (2022) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02011-21 · Cited by 30
Low Level Viremia Is Associated With Serious non-AIDS Events in People With HIV
Ganesan, A., Hsieh, H.-C., Chu, X., Colombo, R. E., Berjohn, C. M., Lalani, T., Yabes, J., Joya, C. A., Blaylock, J. M., & Agan, B. K. (2024) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae147 · Cited by 26
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with lower cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA levels compared to protease inhibitor-based therapy
Pasternak, A. O., Vroom, J., Kootstra, N. A., Wit, F. W. N. M., de Bruin, M., Francesco, D. D., Bakker, M. E., Sabin, C. A., Winston, A., Prins, J. M., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.68174 · Cited by 25
Intragenic proviral elements support transcription of defective HIV-1 proviruses
Kuniholm, J., Armstrong, E. M. R., Bernabe, B., Coote, C., Berenson, A., Drinan, S. D., Olson, A., He, X., Lin, N., Bass, J. I. F., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009982 · Cited by 25
Trained Immunity and HIV Infection
Sviridov, D., Miller, Y. I., & Bukrinsky, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.903884 · Cited by 27
Persistent HIV-1 transcription during ART: time to reassess its significance?
Fombellida-Lopez, C., Berkhout, B., Darcis, G., & Pasternak, A. O. (2024) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000849 · Cited by 24
Improved Detection of HIV Gag p24 Protein Using a Combined Immunoprecipitation and Digital ELISA Method
Wu, G., Cheney, C. A., Huang, Q., Hazuda, D. J., Howell, B. J., & Zuck, P. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.636703 · Cited by 24
Immune activation and exhaustion marker expression on T-cell subsets in ART-treated adolescents and young adults with perinatal HIV-1 infection as correlates of viral persistence
Huang, Y., Dhummakupt, A., Khetan, P., Nilles, T. L., Zhou, W., Mudvari, P., Szewczyk, J., Chen, Y. H., Boritz, E., Ji, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1007626 · Cited by 24
Longitudinal patterns of inflammatory mediators after acute HIV infection correlate to intact and total reservoir
Clercq, J. D., Scheerder, M. D., Mortier, V., Verhofstede, C., Vandecasteele, S. J., Allard, S. D., Necsoi, C., Wit, S. D., Gerlo, S., & Vandekerckhove, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1337316 · Cited by 26
The HIV-1 reservoir landscape in persistent elite controllers and transient elite controllers
Gasca‐Capote, C., Lian, X., Gao, C., Roseto, I. C., Jiménez‐León, M. R., Gladkov, G. T., Camacho-Sojo, M. I., Pérez‐Gómez, A., Gallego, I., López-Cortés, L. E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci174215 · Cited by 23
Differences in HIV Markers between Infected Individuals Treated with Different ART Regimens: Implications for the Persistence of Viral Reservoirs
Darcis, G., Berkhout, B., & Pasternak, A. O. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12050489 · Cited by 24
Sialyl-LewisX Glycoantigen Is Enriched on Cells with Persistent HIV Transcription during Therapy
Colomb, F., Giron, L. B., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Adeniji, O. S., Ma, T., Dweep, H., Battivelli, E., Verdin, E. M., Palmer, C. S., Tateno, H., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107991 · Cited by 22
Bone Quality in Relation to HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs
Olali, A. Z., Carpenter, K. A., Myers, M., Sharma, A., Yin, M. T., Al‐Harthi, L., & Ross, R. D. (2022) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-022-00613-1 · Cited by 23
Learning from Persistent Viremia: Mechanisms and Implications for Clinical Care and HIV-1 Cure
Wu, F., & Simonetti, F. R. (2023) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-023-00674-w · Cited by 23
Flow Virometry Quantification of Host Proteins on the Surface of HIV-1 Pseudovirus Particles
Burnie, J., Tang, V. A., Welsh, J. A., Persaud, A. T., Thaya, L., Jones, J. C., & Guzzo, C. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12111296 · Cited by 23
HIV Compartmentalization in the CNS and Its Impact in Treatment Outcomes and Cure Strategies
Chan, P., & Spudich, S. (2022) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-022-00605-1 · Cited by 22
The Intact Noninducible Latent HIV-1 Reservoir Is Established in an In Vitro Primary T CM Cell Model of Latency
Sarabia, I., Huang, S.-H., Ward, A. R., Jones, R. B., & Bosque, A. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01297-20 · Cited by 21
Neuroinflammation associated with proviral DNA persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV
Byrnes, S. J., Eddine, J. J., Zhou, J., Chalmers, E. K., Wanicek, E., Osman, N., Jenkins, T. A., Roche, M., Brew, B. J., Estes, J. D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1570692 · Cited by 22
HIV reservoirs are dominated by genetically younger and clonally enriched proviruses
Kinloch, N. N., Shahid, A., Dong, W., Kirkby, D., Jones, B. R., Beelen, C. J., MacMillan, D., Lee, G. Q., Mota, T. M., Sudderuddin, H., et al. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02417-23 · Cited by 21
Transcriptionally Active Defective HIV-1 Proviruses and Their Association With Immunological Nonresponse to Antiretroviral Therapy
Scrimieri, F., Bastian, E., Smith, M., Rehm, C. A., Morse, C. G., Kuruppu, J. C., McLaughlin, M. E., Chang, W., Sereti, I., Kovacs, J. A., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae009 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Chronic HIV Transcription, Translation, and Persistent Inflammation
Kilroy, J. M., Leal, A. A., & Henderson, A. J. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16050751 · Cited by 22
The Splice of Life: Does RNA Processing Have a Role in HIV-1 Persistence?
Pasternak, A. O., & Berkhout, B. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13091751 · Cited by 19
Long-Term Changes of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals on Suppressive Three-Drug or Two-Drug Antiretroviral Regimens
Villar, S. S., López‐Huertas, M. R., Jiménez, D., Galera, C., Martínez‐Sanz, J., Moreno, E., Muriel, A., Gutiérrez, F., Busca, C., Portilla, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.848630 · Cited by 19
Subtype C HIV-1 reservoirs throughout the body in ART-suppressed individuals
Liu, Z., Julius, P., Kang, G., West, J. T., & Wood, C. A. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.162604 · Cited by 19
The latent HIV reservoir: current advances in genetic sequencing approaches
Moar, P., Premeaux, T. A., Atkins, A., & Ndhlovu, L. C. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01344-23 · Cited by 23
SuPAR mediates viral response proteinuria by rapidly changing podocyte function
Wei, C., Datta, P. K., Siegerist, F., Li, J., Sudhini, Y. R., Koh, K. H., Kriho, N., Ismail, A., Luo, S., Fischer, T., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40165-5 · Cited by 18
Integrative Assessment of Total and Intact HIV-1 Reservoir by a 5-Region Multiplexed Rainbow DNA Digital PCR Assay
Delporte, M., Lambrechts, L., Blomme, E. E., van Snippenberg, W., Rutsaert, S., Verschoore, M., Smet, E. D., Noppe, Y., Langhe, N. D., Scheerder, M. D., et al. (2024) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvae192 · Cited by 18
Intact proviruses are enriched in the colon and associated with PD-1(+)TIGIT(-) mucosal CD4(+) T cells of people with HIV-1 on antiretroviral therapy
Vellas, C., Nayrac, M., Collercandy, N., Requena, M., Jeanne, N., Latour, J., Dimeglio, C., Cazabat, M., Barange, K., Alric, L., et al. (2024) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104954 · Cited by 17
Host Genomics of the HIV-1 Reservoir Size and Its Decay Rate During Suppressive Antiretroviral Treatment
Thorball, C., Borghesi, A., Bachmann, N., von Siebenthal, C., Vongrad, V., Turk, T., Neumann, K., Beerenwinkel, N., Bogojeska, J., Röth, V., et al. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002473 · Cited by 15
Defective proviruses significantly impact viral transcription and immune activation in men and women with HIV-1 subtype C in rural South Africa
Buchholtz, N. V., Hermans, L. E., Umunnakwe, C. N., Nühn, M. M., Voss, R., Need, E., Kootstra, N. A., Maurer, I., de Jong, D. C. M., Symons, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1484358 · Cited by 16
Immunotherapeutic approaches to HIV cure and remission
Lee, M. J., Fidler, S. J., & Frater, J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000803 · Cited by 16
Chronic and delayed neurological manifestations of persistent infections
Pandya, D., & Johnson, T. P. (2023) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001154 · Cited by 19
Phenotyping Viral Reservoirs to Reveal HIV-1 Hiding Places
Chen, W., Berkhout, B., & Pasternak, A. O. (2025) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-025-00723-6 · Cited by 15
Viral and Host Biomarkers of HIV Remission Post Treatment Interruption
Giron, L. B., & Abdel‐Mohsen, M. (2022) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-022-00607-z · Cited by 15
HIV infected CD4+ T cell clones are more stable than uninfected clones during long-term antiretroviral therapy
Guo, S., Luke, B. T., Henry, A. R., Darko, S. W., Brandt, L. D., Su, L., Sun, D. F., Wells, D., Joseph, K. W., Demirov, D. G., et al. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010726 · Cited by 16
HIV-1 Remission: Accelerating the Path to Permanent HIV-1 Silencing
Lyons, D. E., Kumar, P., Roan, N. R., Defechereux, P. A., Feschotte, C., Lange, U. C., Murthy, N., Sameshima, P., Verdin, E. M., Ake, J. A., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15112171 · Cited by 15
Silencing the transcriptionally active HIV reservoir to improve treatment outcomes
Kazmierski, J., Tavora, R., O’Brien, R. L. F., Schulze‐Gahmen, U., Boehm, D., Roan, N. R., Nixon, D. F., Ndhlovu, L. C., Valente, S. T., & Ott, M. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01816-5 · Cited by 15
VIP-SPOT: an Innovative Assay To Quantify the Productive HIV-1 Reservoir in the Monitoring of Cure Strategies
Puertas, M. C., Bayón-Gil, Á., García-Guerrero, M. C., Salgado, M., Urrea, V., Morón‐López, S., Peña, R., Jiménez‐Moyano, E., Clotet, B., Prado, J. G., et al. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00560-21 · Cited by 15
Cell-Associated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Ribonucleic Acid Has a Circadian Cycle in Males With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy
Stern, J., Solomon, A. E., Dantanarayana, A., Pascoe, R. D., Reynaldi, A., Davenport, M. P., Milush, J. M., Deeks, S. G., Hartogensis, W., Hecht, F. M., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab533 · Cited by 15
The HIV-1 Matrix Protein p17 Does Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier
Caccuri, F., Neves, V., Gano, L., Correia, J. D. G., Oliveira, M. C., Mazzuca, P., Caruso, A., & Castanho, M. A. R. B. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01200-21 · Cited by 15
A widely distributed HIV-1 provirus elimination assay to evaluate latency-reversing agents in vitro
Matsuda, K., Islam, S., Takada, T., Tsuchiya, K., Tan, B. J. Y., Hattori, S.-I., Katsuya, H., Kitagawa, K., Kim, K. S., Matsuo, M., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100122 · Cited by 18
Chronic Opioid Administration is Associated with Prevotella-dominated Dysbiosis in SIVmac251 Infected, cART-treated Macaques
Johnson, S. D., Fox, H. S., Buch, S. J., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-021-09993-4 · Cited by 13
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: a Possible Reservoir for HIV-1?
Kallmeyer, K., Ryder, M. A., & Pepper, M. S. (2022) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-021-10298-5 · Cited by 14

Authors: Imamichi, H., Smith, M., Adelsberger, J. W., Izumi, T., Scrimieri, F., Sherman, B. T., Rehm, C. A., Imamichi, T., Pau, A., Catalfamo, M., Fauci, A. S., & Lane, H. C.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057
Corresponding author: Fauci, Anthony S.
Lane, H. Clifford
ORCID: Imamichi, Hiromi
Izumi, Taisuke
Sherman, Brad T.
Rehm, Catherine A.
Imamichi, Tomozumi
Pau, Alice
Fauci, Anthony S.
Lane, H. Clifford
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2020-02-06
Volume: 117
Issue: 7
Pages: 3704-3710
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917876117
PMC: PMC7035625
OpenAlex: W3005267901
Cited by: 251
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 19
FWCI: 17.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (N/A)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Keywords: HIV-1 Gag protein, HIV-1 Nef, CD4+ T cells, highly active antiretroviral therapy, viral persistence, open reading frames, virus-like particles, innate immunity, persistent immune activation, HIV-1 eradication
MeSH terms: Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Male, Middle Aged, Proviruses, Viral Proteins, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, HIV-1, HIV Infections

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Defective HIV-1 proviruses produce viral proteins

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks