Phosphates form spectroscopically dark state assemblies in common aqueous solutions
Open accessAbstract
Phosphates and polyphosphates play ubiquitous roles in biology as integral structural components of cell membranes and bone, or as vehicles of energy storage via adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine. The solution phase space of phosphate species appears more complex than previously known. We present nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) experiments that suggest phosphate species including orthophosphates, pyrophosphates, and adenosine phosphates associate into dynamic assemblies in dilute solutions that are spectroscopically "dark." Cryo-TEM provides visual evidence of the formation of spherical assemblies tens of nanometers in size, while NMR indicates that a majority population of phosphates remain as unassociated ions in exchange with spectroscopically invisible assemblies. The formation of these assemblies is reversibly and entropically driven by the partial dehydration of phosphate groups, as verified by diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), indicating a thermodynamic state of assembly held together by multivalent interactions between the phosphates. Molecular dynamics simulations further corroborate that orthophosphates readily cluster in aqueous solutions. This study presents the surprising discovery that phosphate-containing molecules, ubiquitously present in the biological milieu, can readily form dynamic assemblies under a wide range of commonly used solution conditions, highlighting a hitherto unreported property of phosphate's native state in biological solutions.
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- Authors
- Straub, J. S., Nowotarski, M. S., Lu, J., Sheth, T., Jiao, S., Fisher, M. P. A., Shell, M. S., Helgeson, M. E., Jerschow, A., & Han, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jerschow, Alexej
- Han, Songi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2022-12-29
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e2206765120-e2206765120
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC9910612
- OpenAlex
- W4313333079
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Heising-Simons Foundation (444063-57611-3)
- National Science Foundation (1650114, CHE 2108205, CHE 2004217, MRI-1920299, DMR 1720256, OAC-1925717)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Electrostatics and Colloid Interactions
- Keywords
- phosphate, polyphosphate, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, adenosine phosphates, dehydration, multivalent interactions, entropic driving force, aqueous chemistry, energy storage
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Phosphates, Polyphosphates, Solutions, Water, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
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