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Cited by 14Philosophy and Theoretical ScienceBiofield Effects and BiophysicsQuantum Mechanics and Applications

Quantum Models of Consciousness from a Quantum Information Science Perspective

Open access
Gassab, Lea, Pusuluk, Onur, Cattaneo, Marco, Müstecaplıoğlu, Özgür E.·2025·Entropy
DOI 10.3390/e27030243PMC PMC11941443
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Abstract

This perspective explores various quantum models of consciousness from the viewpoint of quantum information science, offering potential ideas and insights. The models under consideration can be categorized into three distinct groups based on the level at which quantum mechanics might operate within the brain: those suggesting that consciousness arises from electron delocalization within microtubules inside neurons, those proposing it emerges from the electromagnetic field surrounding the entire neural network, and those positing it originates from the interactions between individual neurons governed by neurotransmitter molecules. Our focus is particularly on the Posner model of cognition, for which we provide preliminary calculations on the preservation of entanglement of phosphate molecules within the geometric structure of Posner clusters. These findings provide valuable insights into how quantum information theory can enhance our understanding of brain functions.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This perspective reviews quantum models of consciousness at three biological levels—microtubules, the brain’s electromagnetic field, and molecular neuronal interactions—and adds preliminary toy-model calculations on entanglement preservation in Posner-like phosphate geometries. It finds that a tetrahedral geometry, closest to the phosphate arrangement in Posner clusters, best preserves entanglement between central spins.

Key findings

  • The paper groups quantum consciousness models into three levels: electron delocalization within microtubules (Orch OR), the electromagnetic field surrounding the neural network (CEMI field theory), and molecular interactions among neurons (Fisher’s Posner model).
  • For microtubules, it discusses superradiant excitonic states, citing a model with up to 100 spirals of 13 microtubule protofilaments and 104 tryptophan dipoles per spiral; the superradiant state becomes the lowest excitonic state for systems with more than 12 spirals, and delocalization is on the external wall for superradiant states versus the inner lumen for subradiant states.
  • In the authors’ toy model, entanglement between two central spins is conserved longer for \(N=4\) with maximum connectivity among buffer spins, which is the closest geometry to the tetrahedral phosphate molecule; protection is optimal when buffer-spin interactions are turned on.
  • The theoretical explanation maps a fully connected buffer network to a central spin coupled to a single dressed buffer spin for \(N=2,3,4\) (and two for \(N=5\)), producing more non-Markovian dynamics and information backflow; trace-distance oscillations are more pronounced for \(N=4\).

Methods

  • Perspective/review of three quantum consciousness models, with emphasis on Fisher’s Posner model; the authors state they do not aim to prove or disprove any theory.
  • For entanglement preservation, they use a toy open-system model: two clusters of \(N+1\) spin-1/2 particles, each with a central spin entangled in a Bell state and buffer spins in a thermal state; Hamiltonian includes \(z\)-fields and \(XX+YY\) couplings; dynamics follow a Lindblad master equation with local thermal dissipation.
  • They compare planar buffer-network geometries with no connectivity versus maximum connectivity, quantify entanglement via logarithmic negativity, diagonalize the Hamiltonian in a dressed-spin picture, and use trace distance to assess non-Markovianity.

Limitations

  • Stated: the paper is not a comprehensive review and excludes well-established approaches such as the dissipative quantum model of the brain and holographic brain theory.
  • Stated: the authors do not conclusively prove Fisher’s proposal; the toy model is a first step toward a more realistic biological model, and Posner cluster coherence has not yet been studied experimentally.
  • Stated/evident: the CEMI field theory lacks a mathematical model, and the Orch OR theory faces a conceptual gap between microtubule-level quantum phenomena and macroscopic consciousness; the presented entanglement results are preliminary numerical calculations rather than experimental evidence.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/e27030243

Cites

113 of 113 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 58 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    In the dressed picture, local baths on each buffer spin become global baths acting collectively on the dressed buffer spins.

    “In the dressed picture, the separate baths acting locally on each buffer spins become global baths [102,103] acting collectively on the dressed buffer spins.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [102] Cattaneo, 2019, Local versus global master equation with common and separate baths: Superiority of the global approach in partial secular approximation, New J. Phys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [103] Hofer, 2017, Markovian master equations for quantum thermal machines: Local versus global approach, New J. Phys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The simplified spin network model (central spin surrounded by buffer spins) captures the essential features of phosphate molecules for studying entanglement preservation.
  • Findingreasoning

    For N=5, the central spin is coupled to only two dressed buffer spins.

    “However, a similar reasoning applies and it can be shown that the central spin is coupled to only two dressed buffer spins, as depicted in Figure 5 (column C).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The simplified spin network model (central spin surrounded by buffer spins) captures the essential features of phosphate molecules for studying entanglement preservation.
  • Findingcitation

    In a recent article, the authors found that tetrahedral geometry is the best candidate for protection of quantum coherence in a central spin, closely resembling the phosphate molecule.

    “In a recent article, we have explored the preservation of quantum coherence in various geometries [29]. We found that the tetrahedral geometry is the best candidate for the protection of quantum coherence in a central spin, which closely resembles the structure of the phosphate molecule.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Gassab, 2024, Geometrical optimization of spin clusters for the preservation of quantum coherence, Phys. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingreasoning

    By applying a unitary transformation, the Hamiltonian of a fully connected buffer network can be mapped to a system of non-interacting dressed buffer spins.

    “By applying a unitary transformation to the Hamiltonian, we can transition from a fully connected graph of buffer spins to the other extreme, where the buffer spins do not interact with each other.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The simplified spin network model (central spin surrounded by buffer spins) captures the essential features of phosphate molecules for studying entanglement preservation.
  • Findingown data

    Protection of entanglement is optimal when interactions between buffer spins are turned on.

    “We have also compared the protection time of entanglement between vanishing and maximal connectivities in the buffer network and shown that protection is optimal when interactions are turned on.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The simplified spin network model (central spin surrounded by buffer spins) captures the essential features of phosphate molecules for studying entanglement preservation.
  • May combine two claims. 10
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The tetrahedral geometry characteristic of phosphate in Posner molecules better preserves coherence and maintains entanglement.

    “Our numerical results demonstrate that this specific geometry not only better preserves coherence but also maintains entanglement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Gassab, 2024, Geometrical optimization of spin clusters for the preservation of quantum coherence, Phys. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingreasoning

    For N=2,3,4, the central spin is coupled to a single dressed buffer spin with energy ω+(N−1)G, and the coupling constant is equal to G√(N−1).

    “In other words, for N=2,3,4, the central spin is coupled to a single dressed buffer spin with energy ω+(N−1)G. Furthermore, the coupling constant is equal to GN−1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The simplified spin network model (central spin surrounded by buffer spins) captures the essential features of phosphate molecules for studying entanglement preservation.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Terms such as mind, consciousness, and instincts are not accurately defined because appropriate tools to gauge them are lacking.

    “There are quite a few terms, such as mind [6,7,8], consciousness [9,10], and instincts, pertaining to the brain or what goes on inside it, that are not accurately defined because we do not have the appropriate tools yet to gauge them [11]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Bayne, 2024, Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond, Trends Cogn. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Quantum theory has been employed to explore various aspects of brain activity.

    “Quantum theory has been employed to explore various aspects of brain activity in fascinating ways [12,13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Gao, S. (2022). Can Quantum Mechanics Solve the Hard Problem of Consciousness?. Consciousness and Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Adams, 2020, Quantum effects in the brain: A review, AVS Quantum Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A purely algorithmic and deterministic perspective leaves little room for concepts such as qualia and free will in understanding consciousness.

    “However, a purely algorithmic and deterministic perspective seems to leave little room for the inclusion of concepts such as qualia and free will in the understanding of consciousness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Consciousness is widely assumed in modern science and philosophy to arise from complex synaptic computations within neural networks, with brain neurons as fundamental units of information.

    “The prevailing assumption in both modern science and philosophy is that consciousness arises from complex synaptic computations within neural networks, where brain neurons function as fundamental units of information [1,2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] McCulloch, 1943, A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity, Bull. Math. Biophys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Hodgkin, 1952, A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve, J. Physiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Full or partial randomization of Trp dipole orientations destroys superradiance, indicating that superradiance depends on the particular order of these dipoles in microtubules.

    “It was also demonstrated that either full or a partial randomization of Trp dipole orientations destroys the superradiance, which in turn indicates that the superradiance depends on the particular order of these dipoles in microtubules.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Celardo, 2019, On the existence of superradiant excitonic states in microtubules, New J. Phys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the model of Ref. [61], aromatic tryptophan amino acids have the largest transition dipole moment in the structure of microtubules.

    “In this model, aromatic tryptophan amino acids (Trp)—that have the largest transition dipole moment in the structure of microtubules—were treated as the photoactive molecular sites through which a single exciton delocalizes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Celardo, 2019, On the existence of superradiant excitonic states in microtubules, New J. Phys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Complex information is unified into coherent ideas that provide meaning within the brain.

    “Additionally, Ref. [27] addressed criticisms suggesting that the binding problem is merely an illusion, showing instead how complex information is unified into coherent ideas that provide meaning within the brain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] McFadden, 2013, The CEMI field theory: Gestalt information and the meaning of meaning, J. Conscious. Stud.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Certain phenomena, such as the binding problem, remain challenging to explain at the scale of neural networks.

    “Yet, certain phenomena, such as the binding problem, remain challenging to explain at the scale of neural networks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszynski recalculated decoherence times, accounting for dielectric properties, dipole interactions, and quantum shielding effects, and extended coherence times to 10−5-10−40 s.

    “However, Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszynski [47] recalculated decoherence times, accounting for dielectric properties, dipole interactions, and quantum shielding effects. Their revised estimates extended coherence times to 10−5–10−40 s, which aligns with neurophysiological processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Hagan, 2002, Quantum computation in brain microtubules: Decoherence and biological feasibility, Phys. Rev.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Tegmark estimated that decoherence in microtubules would occur in the order of 10−13 s, making quantum effects seemingly irrelevant.

    “Tegmark [46] estimated that decoherence in microtubules would occur in the order of 10−13 s, making quantum effects seemingly irrelevant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Tegmark, 2000, Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes, Phys. Rev.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The brain is a warm and noisy environment, generally not conducive to quantum effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experiments have demonstrated that synchronous neuronal firing has a functional role in the brain and that the brain's endogenous EM field contributes to recruiting neurons into synchronously firing networks.

    “For example, Refs. [26,76,77] reported experiments demonstrating that synchronous neuronal firing has a functional role in the brain and that the brain’s endogenous EM field contributes to recruiting neurons into synchronously firing networks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [26] McFadden, 2013, The CEMI field theory: Closing the loop, J. Conscious. Stud.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Bertagna, 2021, Effects of electromagnetic fields on neuronal ion channels: A systematic review, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [77] McFadden, 2021, The electromagnetic will, NeuroSci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Diagonalizing the Hamiltonian clearly illustrates the impact of buffer isolation on quantum information protection.

    “To better understand our results and the effects in various geometric configurations, we represent the geometry by diagonalizing the Hamiltonian, a method that clearly illustrates the impact of buffer isolation on quantum information protection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Orch OR theory conflicts with established principles of neuroscience.

    “This idea, however, conflicts with established principles of neuroscience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The revised coherence time scale suggests that quantum coherence may be sustained long enough to influence neural processing and could play a role in the brain's larger-scale functions.

    “This time scale is crucial because it suggests that quantum coherence may be sustained long enough to influence neural processing and could play a role in the brain’s larger-scale functions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Hagan, 2002, Quantum computation in brain microtubules: Decoherence and biological feasibility, Phys. Rev.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The quantum information science insights explored to enhance the theoretical framework in Ref. [61] are equally applicable to the more recent study in Ref. [48], offering a unified perspective on exciton delocalization and superradiance in microtubules.

    “The insights from quantum information science that we have explored to enhance the theoretical framework in Ref. [61] are equally applicable to the more recent study in Ref. [48], offering a unified perspective on exciton delocalization and superradiance in microtubules.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [61] Celardo, 2019, On the existence of superradiant excitonic states in microtubules, New J. Phys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Babcock, 2024, Ultraviolet superradiance from mega-networks of tryptophan in biological architectures, J. Phys. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The N=4 geometry is the closest to the tetrahedral geometry of the phosphate molecule.

    “This geometry is the closest to the tetrahedral geometry of the phosphate molecule.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The simplified spin network model (central spin surrounded by buffer spins) captures the essential features of phosphate molecules for studying entanglement preservation.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    If synchronized firing produces a classical electromagnetic field, this field would likely create only classical correlations between distant neurons.

    “If synchronized firing produces a classical electromagnetic field, this field would likely create only classical correlations between distant neurons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    There remains a significant conceptual gap between bottom-up quantum approaches and higher-level aspects of consciousness such as cognition, perception, and self-awareness.

    “While the Orch OR theory presents a framework for linking large-scale quantum effects to brain activity, there remains a significant conceptual gap between these bottom-up approaches and the higher-level aspects of consciousness, such as cognition, perception, and self-awareness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A quantum electromagnetic field could generate quantum coherence or entanglement, potentially involving the brain's microtubules or water molecules.

    “In contrast, a quantum electromagnetic field could generate quantum coherence or entanglement, potentially involving the brain’s microtubules or water molecules.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Experiments on Posner clusters have been conducted, but their coherence has not yet been studied experimentally.

    “Furthermore, experiments on Posner clusters have been conducted to provide insights into their properties, but their coherence has not yet been studied experimentally [92,93,94,95,96].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [92] Straub, 2023, Phosphates form spectroscopically dark state assemblies in common aqueous solutions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Straub, J.S. (2023). The Quantum Brain: Explorations and Adventures With Posner Molecules, University of California.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Habraken, 2013, Ion-association complexes unite classical and non-classical theories for the biomimetic nucleation of calcium phosphate, Nat. Commun. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Deline, M.L., Straub, J., Patel, M., Subba, P., Grashei, M., van Heijster, F.H., Pirkwieser, P., Somoza, V., Livingstone, J.D., and Beazely, M. (2023). Lithium isotopes differentially modify mitochondrial amorphous calcium phosphate cluster size distribution and calcium capacity. Front. Physiol., 14. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [96] Deline, M.L., Grashei, M., van Heijster, F.H., Schilling, F., Straub, J., and Fromme, T. (2021). Adenylate kinase derived ATP shapes respiration and calcium storage of isolated mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-(Bba)-Bioenerg., 1862. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The transition from microtubule-level quantum phenomena to macroscopic brain function is not yet well understood, and the connection to psychological or philosophical interpretations of consciousness remains speculative.

    “The transition from microtubule-level quantum phenomena to macroscopic brain function is not yet well understood, and the connection to psychological or philosophical interpretations of consciousness remains speculative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There is a natural relationship between synchronization and correlation; strong synchronization in a neural network means high correlation between individual nerve cells.

    “There is a natural relationship between the concepts of synchronization and correlation. Strong synchronization in a neural network means that there is a high correlation between individual nerve cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The more pronounced oscillations for N=4 may explain the earlier findings and the enhanced protection observed in the tetrahedral geometry.

    “This may explain our earlier findings and the enhanced protection observed in the tetrahedral geometry.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The phosphate molecule in the Posner Cluster adopts a tetrahedral geometry.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The findings do not conclusively prove Matthew Fisher's proposal on cognition.

    “While our findings do not conclusively prove Matthew Fisher’s proposal on cognition, they offer valuable insights into how simplified models and quantum information measures can provide different perspectives and enhance our understanding of these theories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The specific mechanisms underlying energy transfer in microtubules remain unknown.

    “However, the specific mechanisms underlying this energy transfer remain unknown.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The brain is a warm and noisy environment, generally not conducive to quantum effects.

    “The brain is a warm and noisy environment, which is generally not very conducive to quantum effects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Exciton delocalization plays an important role in biological networks of photoactive molecules by providing giant transition dipoles that can strongly couple to the electromagnetic field, enable superabsorption and supertransfer, and transport cellular photoexcitation to a specific reaction center.

    “Exciton delocalization plays an important role in biological networks of photoactive molecules by providing giant transition dipoles that can strongly couple to the electromagnetic field, enable superabsorbtion and supertransfer, and transport the cellular photoexcitation to a specific reaction center.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The simplified spin network model (central spin surrounded by buffer spins) captures the essential features of phosphate molecules for studying entanglement preservation.

    “To tackle this complex model, we introduce a simplified toy model to specifically investigate the behavior of phosphate molecules, focusing on the preservation of entanglement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The toy model examined resembles the phosphate molecule in the Posner cluster closely enough that conclusions about entanglement protection in the toy model apply to the phosphate molecule in the Posner cluster.

    “we provided insights into this model by examining a toy model that resembles the phosphate molecule in the Posner cluster and looking at the preservation of quantum entanglement.”
    “Our findings suggest that the tetrahedral geometry, adopted by the phosphate molecule in the Posner Cluster, offers superior entanglement protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The phosphate molecule in the Posner Cluster adopts a tetrahedral geometry.

    “Our findings suggest that the tetrahedral geometry, adopted by the phosphate molecule in the Posner Cluster, offers superior entanglement protection.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The Quantum-Multilinear Integrated Coefficient (Q) or the Posner model provides a mathematically principled measure for quantifying variance aligned with entanglement-structured task design.

    “The development of the Quantum-Multilinear Integrated Coefficient (Q) [21] or the Posner model [22] provides a mathematically principled measure for quantifying variance aligned with entanglement-structured task design.”

    From Quantum-Inspired and Non-Classical Approaches to Consciousness: Models, Evidence and Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [22]

    Section 4 describes the Posner model in terms of entangled spins and reports the use of concurrence to analyze entanglement. It does not present the Posner model as a measure of variance or connect it to entanglement-structured task design; those parts of the attributed claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Revised coherence-time range includes a time shorter than Tegmark's estimate

    Minor

    The stated range extends down to 10−40 s, which is shorter than the preceding 10−13 s estimate, so the entire range cannot represent an extension of coherence time. The lower endpoint may be a transcription error.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Jackson, P.T. (2016). Quantum Mind and Social Science: Unifying Physical and Social Ontology, Cambridge University Press.
  2. Pribram, K.H. (2013). Brain and Perception: Holonomy and Structure in Figural Processing, Psychology Press.
  3. McFadden, 2002, Synchronous firing and its influence on the brain’s electromagnetic field, J. Conscious. Stud., 9, 23
  4. McFadden, 2002, The conscious electromagnetic information (Cemi) field theory, J. Conscious. Stud., 9, 45
  5. Hameroff, S.R. (1987). Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciouness and Nano Technology, Elsevier Science Inc.
  6. Pusuluk, O. (2024). Biorthogonal resource theory of genuine quantum superposition. arXiv.
  7. Pockett, 2012, The electromagnetic field theory of consciousness: A testable hypothesis about the characteristics of conscious as opposed to non-conscious fields, J. Conscious. Stud., 19, 191
  8. Adams, B., Sinayskiy, I., Agarwal, S., and Petruccione, F. (2023). Entanglement and coherence in pure and doped Posner molecules. arXiv.
  9. Breuer, H.P., and Petruccione, F. (2002). The Theory of Open Quantum Systems, Oxford University Press on Demand.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Gassab, L., Pusuluk, O., Cattaneo, M., & Müstecaplıoğlu, Ö. E.
Affiliations
  • Koç University (TR)
  • Kadir Has University (TR)
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • Sabancı Üniversitesi (TR)
Corresponding author
  • Gassab, Lea
  • Pusuluk, Onur
ORCID
Venue
Entropy
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-02-26
Volume
27
Issue
3
Pages
243
ISSN
1099-4300 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/e27030243
PMC
PMC11941443
OpenAlex
W4407997277
Semantic Scholar
6e13a515cd1311b7ded7f9b1d87213a36f78ac23
Cited by
14
References
113
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 2
FWCI
14.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Entropy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Sabanci University (acceptedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBITAK) (123F150, 336810, 358878, PID2022-140506NB-C21)
  • Research Council of Finland (123F150, 336810, 358878, PID2022-140506NB-C21)
  • Finnish Quantum Flagship (123F150, 336810, 358878, PID2022-140506NB-C21)
  • MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (123F150, 336810, 358878, PID2022-140506NB-C21)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Keywords
Posner molecules, entanglement preservation, neurotransmitter interactions, quantum consciousness, brain function

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