Cambrian explosion condensed: High-precision geochronology of the lower Wood Canyon Formation, Nevada
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The geologically rapid appearance of fossils of modern animal phyla within Cambrian strata is a defining characteristic of the history of life on Earth. However, temporal calibration of the base of the Cambrian Period remains uncertain within millions of years, which has resulted in mounting challenges to the concept of a discrete Cambrian explosion. We present precise zircon U-Pb dates for the lower Wood Canyon Formation, Nevada. These data demonstrate the base of the Cambrian Period, as defined by both ichnofossil biostratigraphy and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy, was younger than 533 Mya, at least 6 My later than currently recognized. This new geochronology condenses previous age models for the Nemakit-Daldynian (early Cambrian) and, integrated with global records, demonstrates an explosive tempo to the early radiation of modern animal phyla.
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The Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, defined by the first appearance of Treptichnus pedum, has been suggested to coincide with, or immediately postdate, the nadir of the BACE, but both the precise position and the age of onset of the BACE (~538 to 535 Ma) remain uncertain.
“The Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, defined by the first appearance of the ichnospecies Treptichnus pedum and the lowest level of the associated T. pedum ichnozone, has been suggested to coincide with, or immediately postdate, the nadir of the “Basal Cambrian negative carbon isotope (δ13C) excursion” (BACE), but both the precise position of this first appearance relative to the BACE nadir and the age”
From Sea level controls on Ediacaran-Cambrian animal radiations (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe biotic transition broadly coincides with the BACE, which marks a global perturbation of the marine carbon cycle, but the relationship of this to any potential extinction mechanism, such as a rise in shallow marine anoxia, is not established.
“This biotic transition broadly coincides with the BACE, which marks a global perturbation of the marine carbon cycle [e.g., see (30, 33–35)], but the relationship of this to any potential extinction mechanism, such as a rise in shallow marine anoxia, is not established.”
From Sea level controls on Ediacaran-Cambrian animal radiations (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe absolute timing of the decline of Ediacaran soft-bodied taxa may be related to the fact that the 538- to 533-Ma interval is poorly represented on a global scale due to the sparsity of spatially distributed successions that are currently well constrained in time.
“The absolute timing of the decline of Ediacaran soft-bodied taxa (temporally constrained only in Laurentia after ~535 Ma) (18, 30) may be related to the fact that the 538- to 533-Ma interval is poorly represented on a global scale due to the sparsity of spatially distributed successions that are currently well constrained in time”
From Sea level controls on Ediacaran-Cambrian animal radiations (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
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Bowyer, F. T., & Nelson, L. L. (2026) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2025-100 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRawahi, H. A., Gómez-Pérez, I., Bergmann, K. D., McCabe, R., & Cantine, M. (2026) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2026.108095 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bowyer, F. T., Yilales, M., Wood, R. A., & Poulton, S. W. (2023) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/001c.88082 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beranek, L. P., Hutter, A. D., Pearcey, S., James, C., Langor, V., Pike, C., Goudie, D. J., & Oldham, L. (2024) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107534
Manzuk, R. A., Nadeau, M. D., Mate, C., Jacquet, S., & Maloof, A. C. (2026) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/001c.161588
Flowers, R. M., & Arrowsmith, J. R. (2026) · Earth and Space Science · doi:10.1029/2025ea004884
Doerrler, A. D., Gan, T., Gilleaudeau, G. J., Pedersen, M. G., Bykova, N., Marusin, V. V., Іvanova, N., Kochnev, B. B., Grazhdankin, D. V., Kletetschka, K., et al. (2026) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.70066
New insights into Cambrian time and the Sauk transgression from the Grand Canyon
Farrell, T. P., Schmitz, M. D., Sundberg, F. A., Dehler, C. M., Karlstrom, K. E., Crossey, L. J., & Hagadorn, J. W. (2026) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s0016756826100909
Self-citationDurbin, O. M. L., Anttila, E. S. C., Briggs, D. E. G., Macdonald, F. A., & Anderson, R. P. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg6289
Ecosystem engineering, regime shifts and the rise of animals
Darroch, S. A. F., Casey, M., Clapham, M. E., Contreras, D. L., Cover, Z., Craffey, M., Cribb, A. T., Duijnstee, I. A. P., Gearty, W., Gibson, B. M., et al. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.08.056
Faehnrich, K., García‐Bellido, D. C., Droser, M. L., Gehlîng, J. G., & Gaines, R. R. (2026) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2026.120285
- Authors
- Nelson, L. L., Crowley, J. L., Smith, E. F., Schwartz, D. M., Hodgin, E. B., & Schmitz, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Carleton University (CA)
- Boise State University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Lyle L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2023-07-17
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 30
- Pages
- e2301478120-e2301478120
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC10372641
- OpenAlex
- W4384499690
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 10.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Works (Boise State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (EAR-1759200; EAR-1759353; DGE-1746891, EAR-2021064; EAR-2144836)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Cambrian explosion, Wood Canyon Formation, zircon U-Pb geochronology, carbon isotope stratigraphy, Precambrian-Cambrian boundary
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Biological Evolution, Fossils, Nevada, Wood
About these checks
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