Direct demonstration that receptor crosslinking or aggregation is important in insulin action

Abstract

Exposure of adipocytes to antibodies to the insulin receptor results in a blockade of 125 I-labeled insulin binding, stimulation of glucose oxidation, and many more insulin-like effects. Allowing for differences in purity, antireceptor antibody is equipotent with insulin on a molar basis. Both the bivalent F(ab′) 2 and monovalent Fab′ fragments of the antireceptor antibody are fully active in inhibiting 125 I-labeled insulin binding. Bivalent F(ab′) 2 also retains its insulin-like effects. In contrast, the monovalent Fab′ loses almost all ability to stimulate glucose oxidation and acts as a competitive antagonist of insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation. Addition of anti-F(ab′) 2 antisera, which crosslink the Fab′-receptor complexes, results in a restoration of the insulin-like activity of the antibody. Similarly, when cells are exposed to submaximal doses of insulin, addition of anti-insulin antibodies at low concentration enhances the biological activity of insulin. These data suggest that receptor occupancy by ligand is not sufficient for signal generation and that the insulin-like effects of antireceptor antibody (and perhaps insulin itself) require receptor aggregation or clustering. This aggregation, however, appears to be independent of microfilaments or microtubules because the insulin-like effects of antireceptor antibody, and in fact, of insulin itself, are unaffected by agents that are known to disrupt these structures.