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Cited by 278

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nasal absorption of insulin: enhancement by hydrophobic bile salts.

Open access
Gordon, G S, Moses, A C, Silver, R D, Flier, J S, Carey, M C·1985·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.82.21.7419
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Abstract

We demonstrate that therapeutically useful amounts of insulin are absorbed by the nasal mucosa of human beings when administered as a nasal spray with the common bile salts. By employing a series of bile salts with subtle differences in the number, position, and orientation of their nuclear hydroxyl functions and alterations in side chain conjugation, we show that adjuvant potency for nasal insulin absorption correlates positively with increasing hydrophobicity of the bile salts' steroid nucleus. As inferred from studies employing various concentrations of unconjugated deoxycholate and a constant dose of insulin, insulin absorption begins at the aqueous critical micellar concentration of the bile salt and becomes maximal when micelle formation is well established. These and other data are consistent with the complementary hypotheses that bile salts act as absorption adjuvants by producing high juxtamembrane concentrations of insulin monomers via solubilization in mixed bile salt micelles and forming reverse micelles within nasal membranes, through which insulin monomers can diffuse through polar channels from the nares into the blood stream.

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Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.82.21.7419

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Metadata

Authors
Gordon, G. S., Moses, A. C., Silver, R. D., Flier, J. S., & Carey, M. C.
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Published
1985-11
Volume
82
Issue
21
Pages
7419-7423
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.82.21.7419
OpenAlex
W2069202991
Cited by
278
References
18
FWCI
12.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Nasal absorption of insulin: enhancement by hydrophobic bile salts. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.82.21.7419
The paper
Gordon, G. S., Moses, A. C., Silver, R. D., Flier, J. S., & Carey, M. C. (1985). Nasal absorption of insulin: enhancement by hydrophobic bile salts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.21.7419

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.