Cited by 1,154Schizophrenia research and treatmentNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorParkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

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Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: Evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method

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Breier, A., Su, T.-P., Saunders, R., Carson, R. E., Kolachana, B. S., de Bartolomeis, A., Weinberger, D. R., Weisenfeld, N., Malhotra, A. K., Eckelman, W. C., Pickar, D.·1997·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2569PMC PMC20129

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Abstract

A major line of evidence that supports the hypothesis of dopamine overactivity in schizophrenia is the psychomimetic potential of agents such as amphetamine that stimulate dopamine outflow. A novel brain imaging method provides an indirect measure of in vivo synaptic dopamine concentration by quantifying the change in dopamine receptor radiotracer binding produced by agents that alter dopamine release but do not themselves bind to dopamine receptors. The purpose of this investigation is (i) to determine the sensitivity (i.e., amount of dopamine reflected in radiotracer binding changes) of this method by examining the relationship between amphetamine-induced changes in simultaneously derived striatal extracellular dopamine levels with in vivo microdialysis and striatal binding levels with the dopamine D2/D3 positron-emission tomography radioligand [11C]raclopride in nonhuman primates, and (ii) to test the hypothesis of elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine levels in schizophrenia. In the nonhuman primate study (n = 4), doubling the amphetamine dose produced a doubling in [11C]raclopride specific binding reductions. In addition, the ratio of percent mean dopamine increase to percent mean striatal binding reduction for amphetamine (0.2 mg/kg) was 44:1, demonstrating that relatively small binding changes reflect large changes in dopamine outflow. In the clinical study, patients with schizophrenia (n = 11) compared with healthy volunteers (n = 12) had significantly greate…

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Method
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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BackgroundInfluential
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BackgroundResult
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“002] (figure 2A) and female mice [a significant effect of diet, F(1,37) = 5.”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Result
A dopamine D2 receptor gene-related polymorphism is associated with schizophrenia in a Spanish population isolate
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“…a large body of evidence, including findings from postmortem studies (Hess et al., 1987; Lee and Seeman, 2002), PET studies (Laruelle et al., 1996; Breier et al., 1997; Laruelle et al., 1997) and pharmacological evidence (Seeman, 2002; Worrel et al., 2002), have highlighted the dopamine 2…”
Background
Birth Insult Alters Dopamine-Mediated Behavior in a Precocial Species, the Guinea Pig Implications for Schizophrenia
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“…Schizophrenia There is considerable evidence that enhanced mesolimbic dopaminergic activity plays an important role in some of the symptomatology of schizophrenia (e.g., Laruelle et al. 1996, 1999; Breier et al. 1997; AbiDargham et al. 1998; see reviews by Seeman 1992; Lieberman et al. 1997).”
BackgroundResult
Changes in the Kinetics of Dopamine Release and Uptake Have Differential Effects on the Spatial Distribution of Extracellular Dopamine Concentration in Rat Striatum
Peters, J. L., & Michael, A. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0741563.x · Cited by 52
“Such a model may provide additional insight into the wide range of positive and negative symptoms variously associated with enhanced dopaminergic transmission (Breier et al., 1997, 1998; Volkow et al., 1997).”
Background
Neuropathological changes in the substantia nigra in schizophrenia but not depression
Williams, M. R., Galvin, K., OSullivan, B., Macdonald, C., Ching, E. W.-K., Turkheimer, F., Howes, O. D., Pearce, R. K. B., Hirsch, S. R., & Maier, M. (2013) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0479-z · Cited by 52
“Imaging following amphetamine administration has demonstrated exaggerated striatal dopamine release whilst baseline dopamine receptor occupancy levels are also increased in SZ [1, 9] and this hypersensitivity of dopaminergic pathways may be a consequence of upstream glutamate deficits [73].”
Background
Neural correlates of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia
Ortiz‐Gil, J., Pomarol‐Clotet, E., Salvador, R. M., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Sarró, S., Gomar, J. J., Guerrero, A., Sans-Sansa, B., Capdevila, A., Junqué, C., et al. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083600 · Cited by 51
Homer splice variants modulation within cortico-subcortical regions by dopamine D2 antagonists, a partial agonist, and an indirect agonist: implication for glutamatergic postsynaptic density in antipsychotics action.
Tomasetti, C., Dell’Aversano, C., Iasevoli, F., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.022 · Cited by 51
Synaptic differences in the postmortem striatum of subjects with schizophrenia: A stereological ultrastructural analysis
Roberts, R. C., Roche, J. K., & Conley, R. R. (2005) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20144 · Cited by 51
“…augmentation of presynaptic dopamine function, suggesting an increase in dopamine synthesis capacity and an increase in presynaptic dopamine stores (Abi-Dargham et al., 1998, 2000; Breier et al., 1997; Dao-Castellana et al., 1997; Hietala et al., 1994, 1995, 1999; Laruelle et al., 1996, 1999).”
Background
Comparison of frontostriatal circuits in adolescent nicotine addiction and internet gaming disorder
von Deneen, K. M., Hussain, H., Waheed, J., Xinwen, W., Yu, D., & Yuan, K. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00086 · Cited by 51
“Microdialysis studies of non-human primates indicate that a 1% decrease in striatal RAC binding reflects at least an 8% increase in extracellular endogenous DA levels (Breier et al., 1997).”
Background
Dopaminergic Mechanisms Underlying Normal Variation in Trait Anxiety
Berry, A. S., White, R. L., Furman, D. J., Naskolnakorn, J. R., Shah, V. D., D’Esposito, M., & Jagust, W. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2382-18.2019 · Cited by 83
“Studies combining PET with microdialysis have validated pharmacologically-paired [ 11C]raclopride imaging methods for quantifying dopamine release (Breier et al., 1997; Endres et al., 1997; Tsukada et al., 1999).”
Method
Schizophrenia: the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in regulating dopamine and psychosis
Yates, N. J. (2016) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0030 · Cited by 55
“It is also well documented that patients with schizophrenia are supersensitive to dopamine-releasing effects of psychostimulants (Breier et al., 1997; Laruelle, 1998), which can exasperate symptoms when administered (Laruelle et al.”
Background
Prefrontal NMDA receptors expressed in excitatory neurons control fear discrimination and fear extinction
Vieira, P. A., Corches, A., Lovelace, J. W., Westbrook, K. B., Mendoza, M., & Korzus, E. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.012 · Cited by 56
“Pharmacological blockers of NMDAR trigger profound cortical activation in behaving rodents (Jackson, Homayoun, & Moghaddam, 2004) and human volunteers (Breier et al., 1997; Lahti, Holcomb, Medoff, & Tamminga, 1995; Suzuki, Jodo, Takeuchi, Niwa, & Kayama, 2002; Vollenweider, Leenders, Oye, Hell, & Angst, 1997) suggesti…”
Background
[18F]altanserin Binding to Human 5HT2A Receptors is Unaltered after Citalopram and Pindolol Challenge
Pinborg, L., Adams, K. H., Yndgaard, S., Hasselbalch, S., Holm, S., Kristiansen, H., Paulson, O., & Knudsen, G. (2004) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000126233.08565.e7 · Cited by 50
“The technique has proven valuable in the study of the dopaminergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia (Breier et al., 1997; Laruelle et al., 1996) with possible implications for the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and the development of new treatment strategies (Carlsson et al.,…”
Method
Occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors by the atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and olanzapine: theoretical implications
Frankle, W., Gil, R. B., Hackett, E., Mawlawi, O., Zea-Ponce, Y., Zhu, Z., Kochan, L., Cangiano, C., Slifstein, M., Gorman, J., et al. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1852-4 · Cited by 50
Pathogenesis of schizophrenia: Part II. Temporo‐frontal two‐step hypothesis
Kurachi, M. (2003) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01073.x · Cited by 48
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Freeman, M. P. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.8157su1c.01 · Cited by 64
Functional imaging studies on dopamine and motor control
Brooks, D. J. (2001) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s007020100005 · Cited by 50
“Based on animal microdialysis studies it has been estimated that a 1% reduction in striatal 11C-raclopride binding is equivalent to at least an 8% increase in synaptic dopamine levels (Breier et al., 1997).”
Background
Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment
De Simone, G., Mazza, B., Vellucci, L., Barone, A., Ciccarelli, M., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12040975 · Cited by 49
Impact of Internet Addiction on Mental Health: An Integrative Therapy Is Needed
Tripathi, A. (2018) · Integrative Medicine International · doi:10.1159/000491997 · Cited by 67
Altered dopamine ontogeny in the developmentally vitamin D deficient rat and its relevance to schizophrenia
Kesby, J. P., Cui, X., Burne, T. H. J., & Eyles, D. W. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00111 · Cited by 45
“Patients with schizophrenia show increased amphetamine-induced DA release in the striatum (Breier et al., 1997; Laruelle and Abi-Dargham, 1999; Laruelle et al., 1999; AbiDargham et al., 2009) and have altered presynaptic DA function, specifically increased DA synthesis capacity (Howes et al., 2012;…”
Background
Caesarean Section Birth Produces Long Term Changes in Dopamine D1 Receptors and in Stress-induced Regulation of D3 and D4 Receptors in the Rat Brain
El-Khodor, B., & Boksa, P. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00228-7 · Cited by 49
“More recently, in vivo imaging studies have demonstrated that amphetamine induces enhanced release of striatal DA in non-medicated schizophrenic subjects compared to controls (Laruelle et al. 1996, 1999; Breier et al. 1997).”
Background
The Role of Biomarkers in Psychiatry
Lozupone, M., Montagna, M. L., D’Urso, F., Daniele, A., Greco, A., Seripa, D., Logroscino, G., Bellomo, A., & Panza, F. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_7 · Cited by 64
Net influx of plasma 6‐[18F]fluoro‐l‐DOPA (FDOPA) to the ventral striatum correlates with prefrontal processing of affective stimuli
Siessmeier, T., Kienast, T., Wrase, J., Larsen, J. L., Braus, D. F., Smolka, M. N., Buchholz, H. G., Schreckenberger, M., Rösch, F., Cumming, P., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04903.x · Cited by 48
“…can further be explored in PET studies combining an assessment of pharmacologically evoked striatal dopamine release (Laruelle et al., 1997; Breier et al., 1997 Rosa-Neto et al., 2005) or the availability of dopamine transporters (Volkow et al., 1996) with concomitant assays of FDOPA…”
Background
Dopamine Response to Psychosocial Stress in Chronic Cannabis Users: A PET Study With [11C]-(+)-PHNO
Mizrahi, R., Suridjan, I., Kenk, M., George, T. P., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., & Rusjan, P. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.232 · Cited by 44
“Previous studies combining [11C]raclopride PET and in vivo microdialysis in rhesus monkeys have shown that very large increases in synaptic DA concentrations were reflected in comparatively smaller changes in [11C]raclopride binding (Breier et al, 1997; Endres et al, 1997).”
Striatal D2 receptor binding as a marker of prognosis and outcome in untreated first-episode psychosis
Corripio, I., Pérez, V., Catafau, A., Mena, E., Carrió, I., & Álvarez, E. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.038 · Cited by 48
“…dopaminergic (DA) systems may underlie progression of silent vulnerability into overt symptoms (Abi-Dargham et al., 2000; Bertolino et al., 2000; Breier et al., 1997; DaoCastellana et al., 1997; Flores et al., 1996; Hietala et al., 1999; Laruelle et al., 1999; Lieberman et al., 1990, 1997;…”
Background
Modulation of Striatal Dopamine Release by Glycine Transport Inhibitors
Javitt, D., Hashim, A., & Sershen, H. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300589 · Cited by 48
Phencyclidine-Induced Dysregulation of Dopamine Response to Amphetamine in Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum
Balla, A., Hashim, A., Burch, S., Javitt, D., Lajtha, A., & Sershen, H. (2001) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1012396820510 · Cited by 48
“50/0 © 2001 Plenum Publishing Corporation patients show enhanced amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the striatum compared to control subjects (1,2).”
Background
D2 but not D3 receptors are elevated after 9 or 11 months chronic haloperidol treatment: Influence of withdrawal period
Joyce, J. N. (2001) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.1035 · Cited by 47
“Recent in vivo imaging studies have confirmed the original hypothesis that there is elevated DA levels in schizophrenic patients leading to a hyperdopaminergic tone (Abi-Dargham et al., 1998; Breier et al., 1997; Laruelle, 2000).”
Background
Serotonergic modulation of receptor occupancy in rats treated with l‐DOPA after unilateral 6‐OHDA lesioning
Nahimi, A., Høltzermann, M., Landau, A., Simonsen, M., Jakobsen, S., Alstrup, A., Vang, K., Møller, A., Wegener, G., Gjedde, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07598.x · Cited by 47
“Breier et al. (1997) showed that an increase in extracellular DA by 1365%, after amphetamine challenge, decreased [11C] raclopride binding with 21%.”
Background
The Role of Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) in Cognition
Fitzpatrick, C. J., & Lombroso, P. J. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00047 · Cited by 48
Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
Patel, J. K., Pinals, D. A., & Breier, A. F. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470515167.ch65 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Quantification of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human brain using [123I]5-I-A-85380 SPET
Fujita, M., Ichise, M., van Dyck, C., Zoghbi, S., Tamagnan, G., Mukhin, A., Bozkurt, A., Seneca, N., Tipre, D., Denucci, C. C., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-003-1320-0 · Cited by 47
“The B/I paradigm has been successfully used to measure the distribution volumes of several radioligands, including [ 123 I](S)-(-)-3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6methoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]benzamide (IBZM), [11C]raclopride, and [123I]iomazenil [33, 34 , 35].”
Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by olanzapine or risperidone in young patients with schizophrenia.
Lavalaye, J., Linszen, D., Booij, J., Reneman, L., Gersons, B., & van Royen, E. V. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(99)00032-3 · Cited by 47
Blunted Dopamine Transmission in Addiction: Potential Mechanisms and Implications for Behavior
Trifilieff, P., Ducrocq, F., van der Veldt, S., & Martínez, D. (2016) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.09.003 · Cited by 59
Ketamine increases striatal dopamine release and hyperlocomotion in adult rats after postnatal functional blockade of the prefrontal cortex.
Usun, Y., Eybrard, S., Meyer, F., & Louilot, A. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.017 · Cited by 46
Behavioral disturbances in adult mice following neonatal virus infection or kynurenine treatment – Role of brain kynurenic acid
Liu, X.-C., Holtze, M., Powell, S. B., Terrando, N., Larsson, M. K., Persson, A., Olsson, S. K., Orhan, F., Kegel, M. E., Asp, L., et al. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.010 · Cited by 45
“Further supporting the DA hypothesis, brain imaging studies reveal an enhanced DA release following administration of d-amphetamine in patients with schizophrenia (Abi-Dargham et al., 1998; Breier et al., 1997; Laruelle et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
Partial agonism and schizophrenia
Bolonna, A., & Kerwin, R. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.1.7 · Cited by 46
Reduced N-acetylaspartate in prefrontal cortex of adult rats with neonatal hippocampal damage.
Bertolino, A., Roffman, J., Lipska, B., van Gelderen, P., Olson, A. W., & Weinberger, D. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.9.983 · Cited by 46
“ogy of schizophrenia is supported by a large body of in vivo and post-mortem studies (Laruelle et al., 1996; Breier et al., 1997; Nelson et al., 1998; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1999; Weinberger, 1999; Callicott et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Striatal D2/3 Binding Potential Values in Drug-Naïve First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients Correlate With Treatment Outcome
Wulff, S., Pinborg, L., Svarer, C., Jensen, L. T., Nielsen, M., Allerup, P., Bak, N., Rasmussen, H., Frandsen, E., Rostrup, E., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu220 · Cited by 45
D2-like dopamine receptors mediate the response to amphetamine in a mouse model of ADHD
Fan, X., & Hess, E. J. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.011 · Cited by 48
“At clinically efficacious doses, amphetamine and methylphenidate induce comparable increases in extracellular dopamine in humans as assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of psychostimulant-induced displacement of [(11)C]raclopride binding (Breier et al., 1997; Volkow et al., 2001; Cardenas et al., 200…”
Background
Signal Transmission, Rather Than Reception, is the Underlying Neurochemical Abnormality in Schizophrenia
Dean, B. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00747.x · Cited by 45
“Significantly, two functional neuroimaging studies have reported an increase in the release of DA following a standardised amphetamine challenge [24,25].”
Background
Cerebral 5-HT release correlates with [ 11 C]Cimbi36 PET measures of 5-HT2A receptor occupancy in the pig brain
Jørgensen, L. M., Weikop, P., Villadsen, J., Visnapuu, T., Ettrup, A., Hansen, H. D., Baandrup, A. O., Andersen, F. L., Bjarkam, C. R., Thomsen, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16629483 · Cited by 44
“In non-human primates, an 8-fold increase in dopamine results in a decrease in [(11)C]-raclopride BPnd of 13%.(46) This is consistent with findings in humans, where intravenous amphetamine 0.”
Result
Nigrostriatal and Mesolimbic D 2/3 Receptor Expression in Parkinson's Disease Patients with Compulsive Reward-Driven Behaviors
Stark, A. J., Smith, C. T., Lin, Y., Petersen, K. J., Trujillo, P., van Wouwe, N. C., Kang, H., Donahue, M. J., KESSLER, R. M., Zald, D. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3082-17.2018 · Cited by 57
Making Sense of: Sensitization in Schizophrenia
Weidenauer, A., Bauer, M., Sauerzopf, U., Bartova, L., Praschak-rieder, N., Sitte, H., Kasper, S., & Willeit, M. (2016) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw081 · Cited by 44
“A study using [11C]raclopride and positron emission tomography (PET) (Breier et al., 1997) confirmed the finding in patients with schizophrenia and showed a clear relationship between amphetamine-induced displacement and the amount of dopamine released into the extracellular space in a cohort of…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia and DAT and SERT polymorphisms.
Bilić, P., Jukić, V., Vilibić, M., Savic, A., & Božina, N. (2014) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.050 · Cited by 44
Multitracer assessment of dopamine function after transplantation of embryonic stem cell‐derived neural stem cells in a primate model of Parkinson's disease
Muramatsu, S., Okuno, T., Suzuki, Y., Nakayama, T., Kakiuchi, T., Takino, N., Iida, A., Ono, F., Terao, K., Inoue, N., et al. (2009) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20634 · Cited by 44
“has been estimated to correspond to a 8% change in synaptic DA levels (Breier et al., 1997).”
Background
Differential regional and dose-related effects of asenapine on dopamine receptor subtypes
Tarazi, F. I., Moran‐Gates, T., Wong, E. H. F., Henry, B., & Shahid, M. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1098-7 · Cited by 38
Neuroimaging in psychiatry: an update
Abou‐Saleh, M. T. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.06.012 · Cited by 90
“[25] tested the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia using PET.”
Method
Striatal Dopamine Release and Family History of Alcoholism
Munro, C. A., McCaul, M. E., Oswald, L. M., Wong, D. F., Zhou, Y., Brašić, J. R., Kuwabara, H., Kumar, A., Alexander, M., Ye, W., et al. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00130.x · Cited by 47
“It should be noted that although ''dopamine release'' is the term that is often used in the PET literature to describe amphetamine-induced changes in [ 11 C]raclopride BP, increases in dopamine concentrations that occur following amphetamine administration probably result from several different mechanisms, including d…”
Influential

Authors: Breier, A., Su, T.-P., Saunders, R., Carson, R. E., Kolachana, B. S., de Bartolomeis, A., Weinberger, D. R., Weisenfeld, N., Malhotra, A. K., Eckelman, W. C., & Pickar, D.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Su, T.-P.
Saunders, R.
Carson, R. E.
Kolachana, B. S.
de Bartolomeis, A.
Weinberger, D. R.
Malhotra, A. K.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1997-03-18
Volume: 94
Issue: 6
Pages: 2569-2574
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2569
PMC: PMC20129
OpenAlex: W2150760506
Cited by: 1,154
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 36.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: schizophrenia, synaptic dopamine, amphetamine, [11C]raclopride, striatum, dopamine release, microdialysis, non-human primates
MeSH terms: Amphetamine, Animals, Carbon Radioisotopes, Corpus Striatum, Dopamine, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Salicylamides, Schizophrenia, Synapses, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Microdialysis, Raclopride

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Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: Evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method

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