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Cited by 1,854Geochemistry and Elemental AnalysisX-ray Diffraction in CrystallographyMineralogy and Gemology Studies

Manganese oxide minerals: Crystal structures and economic and environmental significance

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Post, Jeffrey E.·1999·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3447PMC PMC34287
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Abstract

Manganese oxide minerals have been used for thousands of years—by the ancients for pigments and to clarify glass, and today as ores of Mn metal, catalysts, and battery material. More than 30 Mn oxide minerals occur in a wide variety of geological settings. They are major components of Mn nodules that pave huge areas of the ocean floor and bottoms of many fresh-water lakes. Mn oxide minerals are ubiquitous in soils and sediments and participate in a variety of chemical reactions that affect groundwater and bulk soil composition. Their typical occurrence as fine-grained mixtures makes it difficult to study their atomic structures and crystal chemistries. In recent years, however, investigations using transmission electron microscopy and powder x-ray and neutron diffraction methods have provided important new insights into the structures and properties of these materials. The crystal structures for todorokite and birnessite, two of the more common Mn oxide minerals in terrestrial deposits and ocean nodules, were determined by using powder x-ray diffraction data and the Rietveld refinement method. Because of the large tunnels in todorokite and related structures there is considerable interest in the use of these materials and synthetic analogues as catalysts and cation exchange agents. Birnessite-group minerals have layer structures and readily undergo oxidation reduction and cation-exchange reactions and play a major role in controlling groundwater chemistry.

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  • Although Mn2+ is soluble, precipitation of manganese carbonate is still possible as reported in many ancient analogues.

    “Although Mn2+ is soluble44, precipitation of manganese carbonate is still possible as reported in many ancient analogues9,11.”

    From Subtle Cr isotope signals track the variably anoxic Cryogenian interglacial period with voluminous manganese accumulation and decrease in biodiversity (2019) · cites this paper as [44]

    Citation 44 is attached only to the claim that Mn²⁺ is soluble; the carbonate-precipitation claim has separate citations. The paper says Mn is highly mobile in acid, organic soils (passage [2], section labelled Abstract), which supports mobility under those conditions, but it does not explicitly state that Mn²⁺ is generally soluble. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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Authors
Post, J. E.
Affiliations
Smithsonian Institution (US)
Corresponding author
Post, Jeffrey E.
ORCID
Post, Jeffrey E.
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
1999-03-30
Volume
96
Issue
7
Pages
3447-3454
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.96.7.3447
PMC
PMC34287
OpenAlex
W1980361407
Cited by
1,854
References
87
Citations by year
2026: 131 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 121 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 56
FWCI
9.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Mineralogy and Gemology Studies
Keywords
manganese oxide minerals, crystal structure, todorokite, birnessite, manganese nodules, manganese ore, hydrogeochemistry, cation exchange, catalysts, battery materials, Rietveld refinement

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