CD45-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor α Production in Monocytes Is Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent and Nuclear Factor-κB-independent
Open accessAbstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. The mechanisms involved in regulating monocyte/macrophage TNFalpha production are not yet fully understood but are thought to involve both soluble factors and cell/cell contact with other cell types. Ligation of certain cell surface receptors, namely CD45, CD44, and CD58, can induce the production of TNFalpha in monocytes. In this paper, we investigate further the signaling pathways utilized by cell surface receptors (specifically CD45) to induce monocyte TNFalpha and compare the common/unique pathways involved with that of lipopolysaccharide. The results indicate that monocyte TNFalpha induced upon CD45 ligation or lipopolysaccharide stimulation is differentially modulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB but similarly regulated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results demonstrate that both common and unique signaling pathways are utilized by different stimuli for the induction of TNFalpha. These observations may have a major bearing on approaches to inhibiting TNFalpha production in disease where the cytokine has a pathogenic role.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CD45 activation can induce the production of TNFα, which in turn activates a family of cell-surface receptors that can mediate cell death.
“Interestingly, CD45 activation can induce the production of TNFα [24] which in turn activates a family of cell-surface receptors that can mediate cell death.”
From Alternating electric fields (TTFields) inhibit metastatic spread of solid tumors to the lungs (2009) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
CD14, a Receptor for Complexes of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS Binding Protein
Wright, S. D., Ramos, R., Tobias, P. S., Ulevitch, R. J., & Mathison, J. C. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1698311 · Cited by 3,986 · see citing works
A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis
Lee, J. C., Laydon, J. T., McDonnell, P., Gallagher, T. F., Kumar, S., Green, D., McNulty, D. E., Blumenthal, M. J., Keys, J., vatter, S. W. L., et al. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372739a0 · Cited by 3,266 · see citing works
Protein kinase B (c-Akt) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signal transduction
Burgering, B. M. T., & Coffer, P. J. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376599a0 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Transgenic mice expressing human tumour necrosis factor: a predictive genetic model of arthritis.
Keffer, J., Probert, L., Cazlaris, H., Georgopoulos, S., Kaslaris, E., Kioussis, D., & Kollias, G. (1991) · EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04978.x · Cited by 1,675 · see citing works
Direct Regulation of the Akt Proto-Oncogene Product by Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate
Franke, T. F., Kaplan, D., Cantley, L., & Toker, A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5300.665 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works
Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1
Perillo, N. L., Pace, K. E., Seilhamer, J. J., & Baum, L. G. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378736a0 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
Receptor-Ligand Interaction Between CD44 and Osteopontin (Eta-1)
Weber, G. F., Ashkar, S., Glimcher, M. J., & Cantor, H. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5248.509 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
PDGF stimulates an increase in GTP–Rac via activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Hawkins, P. T., Eguinoa, A., Qiu, R., Stokoe, D., Cooke, F. T., Walters, R. J., Wennström, S., Claesson, L., Evans, T., Symons, M. H., et al. (1995) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00080-7 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Role Of Lymphocyte Adhesion Receptors In Transient Interactions And Cell Locomotion
Dustin, M. L., & Springer, T. A. (1991) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.000331 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Pingel, J. T., & Thomas, M. L. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90504-7 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Dean, J. L. E., Brook, M., Clark, A. R., & Saklatvala, J. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.1.264 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.
Hambleton, J., Weinstein, S. L., Lem, L., & DeFranco, A. L. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.7.2774 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
MAPKAP kinase‐2; a novel protein kinase activated by mitogen‐activated protein kinase.
Stokoe, D., Campbell, D. G., Nakielny, S., Hidaka, H., Leevers, S. J., Marshall, C. J., & Cohen, P. T. W. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05492.x · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Role of p38 and JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the Activation of Ternary Complex Factors
Whitmarsh, A. J., Yang, S., Su, M. S. S., Sharrocks, A. D., & Davis, R. J. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2360 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Klippel, A., Reinhard, C., Kavanaugh, W. M., Apell, G., Escobedo, M.-A., & Williams, L. T. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.8.4117 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Mustelin, T., Coggeshall, K. M., & Altman, A. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.16.6302 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Activated T cells induce interleukin‐12 production by monocytes via CD40‐CD40 ligand interaction
Shu, U., Kiniwa, M., Wu, C. Y., Maliszewski, C. R., Vezzio, N., Hakimi, J., Gately, M. K., & Delespesse, G. (1995) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830250442 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Weinstein, S. L., Sanghera, J. S., Lemke, K., DeFranco, A. L., & Pelech, S. L. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42133-3 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Role of CSBP/p38/RK stress response kinase in LPS and cytokine signaling mechanisms
Lee, J. C., & Young, P. R. (1996) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.59.2.152 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
FK506 and cyclosporin, molecular probes for studying intracellular signal transduction
Liu, J. O. (1993) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90048-p · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Byth, K. F., Conroy, L. A., Howlett, S., Smith, A. J., May, J., Alexander, D. R., & Holmes, N. J. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.183.4.1707 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The actions of cyclosporin A and FK506 suggest a novel step in the activation of T lymphocytes.
Mattila, P. S., Ullman, K. S., Fiering, S., Emmel, E. A., McCutcheon, M., Crabtree, G. R., & Herzenberg, L. A. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07893.x · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Translational Blockade Imposed by Cytokine-Derived UA-Rich Sequences
Kruys, V., Marinx, O., Shaw, G. D., Deschamps, J., & Huez, G. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2672333 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Contact with T cells modulates monocyte IL-10 production: role of T cell membrane TNF-alpha
Parry, S. L., Sebbag, M., Feldmann, M., & Brennan, F. M. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.158.8.3673 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationCell Surface Molecules and Early Events Involved in Human T Lymphocyte Activation
Weiss, A., & Imboden, J. B. (1987) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60029-2 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
LFA-3, CD44, and CD45: Physiologic Triggers of Human Monocyte TNF and IL-1 Release
Webb, D. S. A., Shimizu, Y., van Seventer, G. A., Shaw, S., & Gerrard, T. L. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1697984 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
EGF or PDGF receptors activate atypical PKClambda through phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase.
Akimoto, K., Takahashi, R., Moriya, S., Nishioka, N., Takayanagi, J., Kimura, K. D., Fukui, Y., Osada, S.-I., Mizuno, K., Hirai, S., et al. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00414.x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Regulation of B Cell Antigen Receptor Signal Transduction and Phosphorylation by CD45
Justement, L. B., Campbell, K. S., Chien, N., et al. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1648262 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Qiu, Y., Robinson, D., Pretlow, T., & Kung, H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3644 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Evidence for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as a regulator of endocytosis via activation of Rab5.
Li, G., D’Souza‐Schorey, C., Barbieri, M. A., Roberts, R. L., Klippel, A., Williams, L. T., & Stahl, P. D. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.22.10207 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Foxwell, B. M. J., Browne, K. A., Bondeson, J., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8211 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citationCross, M. J., Stewart, A., Hodgkin, M. N., Kerr, D. J., & Wakelam, M. J. O. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.43.25352 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Wrighton, C. J., Hofer-Warbinek, R., Moll, T., Eytner, R., Bach, F. H., & de Martin, R. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.183.3.1013 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Geng, Y., Zhang, B., & Lotz, M. (1993) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.151.12.6692 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Ledbetter, J. A., Tonks, N. K., Fischer, E. H., et al. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.22.8628 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Human tumor necrosis factor alpha gene regulation by virus and lipopolysaccharide.
Goldfeld, A. E., Doyle, C., & Maniatis, T. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9769 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Shapira, L., Takashiba, S., Champagne, C. M., Amar, S., & Dyke, T. E. V. (1994) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.153.4.1818 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Goldfeld, A. E., McCaffrey, P. G., Strominger, J. L., & Rao, A. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.178.4.1365 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Tsai, E. Y., Yie, J., Thanos, D., et al. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.10.5232 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Cytokine response by monocytes and macrophages to free and lipoprotein-bound lipopolysaccharide
Cavaillon, J., Fitting, C., Haeffner‐Cavaillon, N., Kirsch, S. J., & Warren, H. S. (1990) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.58.7.2375-2382.1990 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Sebbag, M., Parry, S. L., Brennan, F. M., & Feldmann, M. (1997) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830270308 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationWagner, D. H., Stout, R. D., & Suttles, J. (1994) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830241235 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Shiroo, M., Goff, L. K., Biffen, M., Shivnan, E., & Alexander, D. R. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05595.x · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Regulation of the p59fyn protein tyrosine kinase by the CD45 phosphotyrosine phosphatase
Mustelin, T., Pessa‐Morikawa, T., Autero, M., et al. (1992) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830220510 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Tamagnone, L., Lahtinen, I., Mustonen, T., et al. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Liu, M. K., Herrera-Velit, P., Brownsey, R. W., & Reiner, N. E. (1994) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.153.6.2642 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Monfar, M., Lemon, K. P., Grammer, T. C., Cheatham, L. A., Chung, J., Vlahos, C. J., & Blenis, J. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.1.326 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Evaluation of measurement of human TNF in plasma by ELISA.
Engelberts, I., Möller, A., Schoen, G. J., van der Linden, J., & Buurman, W. A. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Beaty, C. D., Franklin, T. L., Uehara, Y., & Wilson, C. B. (1994) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830240606 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Human tumor necrosis factor alpha gene regulation in phorbol ester stimulated T and B cell lines.
Goldfeld, A. E., Strominger, J. L., & Doyle, C. (1991) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.174.1.73 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Logan, S. K., Falasca, M., Hu, P. J., et al. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.10.5784 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Herrera-Velit, P., & Reiner, N. E. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.156.3.1157 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Isler, P., Vey, E., Zhang, J., et al. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Cavaillon, J. (1990) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/1043-4666(90)90061-w · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Leukocyte cell surface enzymology: CD45 (LCA, T200) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase
Clark, E. A., & Ledbetter, J. A. (1989) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(89)90257-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Brabletz, T., Pietrowski, I., & Serfling, E. (1991) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/19.1.61 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Immunoglobulin-mediated signal transduction in B cells from CD45-deficient mice.
Benatar, T., Carsetti, R., Furlonger, C. L., Kamalia, N., Mak, T. W., & Paige, C. J. (1996) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.183.1.329 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Calcineurin mediates human tumor necrosis factor alpha gene induction in stimulated T and B cells.
Goldfeld, A. E., Tsai, E., Kincaid, R. L., Belshaw, P. J., Schrieber, S. L., Strominger, J. L., & Rao, A. (1994) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.180.2.763 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Regulation of CD45 engagement by the B-cell receptor CD22.
Sgroi, D. C., Koretzky, G. A., & Stamenkovic, I. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.9.4026 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
CD45: a leukocyte-specific member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family
Trowbridge, I. S., Ostergaard, H. L., & Johnson, P. (1991) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0167-4889(91)90043-w · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Kharbanda, S. M., Saleem, A., Shafman, T. D., Emoto, Y., Taneja, N., Rubin, E. H., Weichselbaum, R. R., Woodgett, J. R., Avruch, J., Kyriakis, J. M., et al. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.32.18871 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Kruys, V., Kemmer, K. A., Shakhov, A., Jongeneel, C. V., & Beutler, B. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.2.673 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Identification of novel factors that bind to the PRD I region of the human β-interferon promoter
Whiteside, S. T., Visvanathan, K. V., & Goodbourn, S. (1992) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/20.7.1531 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Biffen, M., McMichael-Phillips, D. F., Larson, T. R., et al. (1994) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06461.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gruber, M. F., Williams, C. C., & Gerrard, T. L. (1994) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.152.3.1354 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Differential regulation of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes by PAF, LTB4 and PGE2.
Rola‐Pleszczynski, M., Thivierge, M., Gagnon, N., Lacasse, C., & Staňková, J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Selective activation of JNK/SAPK by interleukin‐1 in rabbit liver is mediated by MKK7
Finch, A. J., Holland, P. M., Cooper, J. A., Saklatvala, J., & Kracht, M. (1997) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01364-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cross‐linking CD28 leads to activation of 70‐kDa S6 kinase
Pai, S., Calvo, V., Wood, M. S., & Bierer, B. E. (1994) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830241016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Manié, S. N., Kubar, J., Limouse, M., et al. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Regulation of tumor necrosis factor production by monocyte-macrophages and lymphocytes
Trinchieri, G. (1991) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/bf02918157 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
CD45 regulates TCR-induced signalling through tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase CγI
Kanner, S. B., & Ledbetter, J. A. (1992) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0200178 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Goldfeld, A. E., Doyle, C., and Maniatis, T. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- Hambleton, J., Weinstein, S. L., Lem, L., and DeFranco, A. L. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 2774 -2778
- Dustin, M. L., and Springer, T. A. (1991) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9, 27-66
- Sgroi, D., Koretzky, G. A., and Stamenkovic, I. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- Ledbetter, J. A., Tonks, N. K., Fischer, E. H., and Clark, E. A. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85, 8628 -8632
- Mustelin, T., Coggeshall, K. M., and Altman, A. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- Foxwell, B., Browne, K., Bondeson, J., Clarke, C., de Martin, C., Brennan, F., and Feldmann, M. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 8211-8215
- Kanner, S. B., and Ledbetter, J. A. (1992) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 20, 178 -184
- Li, G., D'Souza-Schorey, C., Barbieri, M. A., Roberts, R. L., Klippel, A., Williams, L. T., and Stahl, P. D. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 10207-10211
- Qui, Y., Robinson, D., Pretlow, T. G., and Kung, H.-J. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 3644 -3649
- Kruys, V., Kemmer, K., Shakhov, A., Jongeneel, V., and Beutler, B. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 673-677
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Alternating electric fields (TTFields) inhibit metastatic spread of solid tumors to the lungs
Kirson, E. D., Giladi, M., Gurvich, Z., Itzhaki, A., Mordechovich, D., Schneiderman, R. S., Wasserman, Y., Ryffel, B., Goldsher, D., & Palti, Y. (2009) · Clinical & Experimental Metastasis · doi:10.1007/s10585-009-9262-y · Cited by 171 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hayes, A. L., Smith, C., Foxwell, B. M. J., & Brennan, F. M.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Brennan, Fionula M.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-11
- Volume
- 274
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 33455-33461
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2123816477
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Cancer Research Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- CD45, TNF-α, monocytes, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, lipopolysaccharide, cell surface receptor signaling, rheumatoid arthritis, anti-TNF therapy, CD44, CD58
- MeSH terms
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors, Cells, Cultured, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Monocytes, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Leukocyte Common Antigens, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review