Cooperation of adenosine with macrophage Toll-4 receptor agonists leads to increased glycolytic flux through the enhanced expression of PFKFB3 gene
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages activated through Toll receptor triggering increase the expression of the A(2A) and A(2B) adenosine receptors. In this study, we show that adenosine receptor activation enhances LPS-induced pfkfb3 expression, resulting in an increase of the key glycolytic allosteric regulator fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and the glycolytic flux. Using shRNA and differential expression of A(2A) and A(2B) receptors, we demonstrate that the A(2A) receptor mediates, in part, the induction of pfkfb3 by LPS, whereas the A(2B) receptor, with lower adenosine affinity, cooperates when high adenosine levels are present. pfkfb3 promoter sequence deletion analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and inhibition by shRNAs demonstrated that HIF1α is a key transcription factor driving pfkfb3 expression following macrophage activation by LPS, whereas synergic induction of pfkfb3 expression observed with the A(2) receptor agonists seems to depend on Sp1 activity. Furthermore, levels of phospho-AMP kinase also increase, arguing for increased PFKFB3 activity by phosphorylation in long term LPS-activated macrophages. Taken together, our results show that, in macrophages, endogenously generated adenosine cooperates with bacterial components to increase PFKFB3 isozyme activity, resulting in greater fructose 2,6-bisphosphate accumulation. This process enhances the glycolytic flux and favors ATP generation helping to develop and maintain the long term defensive and reparative functions of the macrophages.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Treatment with LPS in macrophages, dendritic and microglia cells provokes a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) towards aerobic glycolysis, a process required to quickly supply high energy demands of the inflammatory response.
“Treatment with LPS in macrophages, dendritic and microglia cells provokes a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) towards aerobic glycolysis, a process required to quickly supply high energy demands of the inflammatory response (Galván-Peña and O'Neill, 2014),(Ruiz-García et al., 2011), (Ganeshan and Chawla, 2014),(Orihuela et al., 2016).”
From TET2 Regulates the Neuroinflammatory Response in Microglia (2019) · cites this paper as Ruiz-García et al., 2011
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHk3 and Pfkfb3 play an important role during the aerobic glycolysis process.
“both playing an important role during the aerobic glycolysis process (Galván-Peña and O'Neill, 2014)(Ruiz-García et al., 2011).”
From TET2 Regulates the Neuroinflammatory Response in Microglia (2019) · cites this paper as Ruiz-García et al., 2011
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that increased PFKFB3 expression and activity raise glycolytic flux in activated macrophages. The paper also describes macrophage glycolysis in highly oxygenated environments, but the passages do not address HK3; the claim about both genes is therefore only partly supported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Takeda, K., Kaisho, T., & Akira, S. (2003) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126 · Cited by 6,143 · see citing works
Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1228704 · Cited by 3,842 · see citing works
Kahn, B. B., Alquier, T., Carling, D., & Hardie, D. G. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.003 · Cited by 2,799 · see citing works
HIF-1α is essential for myeloid cell-mediated inflammation
Cramer, T., Yamanishi, Y., Clausen, B. E., Förster, I., Pawlinski, R., Mackman, N., Haase, V. H., Jaenisch, R., Corr, M., Nizet, V., et al. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00154-5 · Cited by 2,046 · see citing works
Oxidative metabolism and PGC-1β attenuate macrophage-mediated inflammation
Vats, D., Mukundan, L., Odegaard, J. I., Zhang, L., Smith, K. L., Morel, C. R., Greaves, D. R., Murray, P. J., & Chawla, A. (2006) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.05.011 · Cited by 1,369 · see citing works
Ohta, A., & Sitkovsky, M. V. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414916a · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases
Haskó, G., Linden, J. M., Cronstein, B. N., & Pacher, P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2638 · Cited by 1,224 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Prados, J.-C., Través, P. G., Cuenca, J., Rico, D., Aragonés, J., Martín-Sanz, P., Cascante, M., & Boscá, L. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901698 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Adenosine: an endogenous regulator of innate immunity
Haskó, G. (2003) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2003.11.003 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Inflammatory Resolution: new opportunities for drug discovery
Gilroy, D. W., Lawrence, T., Perretti, M., & Rossi, A. G. (2004) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1383 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Sitkovsky, M. V., Lukashev, D. E., Apasov, S. G., Kojima, H., Koshiba, M., Caldwell, C. C., Ohta, A., & Thiel, M. (2004) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104731 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Jung, Y., Isaacs, J. S., Lee, S., Trepel, J. B., & Neckers, L. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-0329fje · Cited by 680 · see citing works
A Kinetic Study of Pyrophosphate: Fructose‐6‐Phosphate Phosphotransferase from Potato Tubers
SCHAFTINGEN, E. V., Lederer, B., Bartrons, R., & Hers, H. G. (1982) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb07039.x · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Self-citationAdenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent
Cronstein, B. N. (1994) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.5 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Regulation of immune cells by local-tissue oxygen tension: HIF1α and adenosine receptors
Sitkovsky, M., & Lukashev, D. (2005) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1685 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Castrillo, A., Joseph, S. B., Vaidya, S. A., Haberland, M. E., Fogelman, A. M., Cheng, G., & Tontonoz, P. (2003) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00384-8 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmeida, Á., Moncada, S., & Bolaños, J. P. (2003) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1080 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Blouin, C. C., Pagé, E. L., Soucy, G. M., & Richard, D. E. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-07-2427 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Hypoxia Regulates Macrophage Functions in Inflammation
Murdoch, C., Muthana, M., & Lewis, C. E. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6257 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Induction of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α by Transcriptional and Translational Mechanisms
Pagé, E. L., Robitaille, G., Pouysségur, J., & Richard, D. E. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209114200 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Marsin, A.-S., Bouzin, C., Bertrand, L., & Hue, L. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m205213200 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Minchenko, О. H., Leshchinsky, I., Opentanova, I., Sang, N., Srinivas, V., Armstead, V. E., & Caro, J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110978200 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
PFK-2/FBPase-2: maker and breaker of the essential biofactor fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Okar, D. A., Lange, A. J., Manzano, À., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Riera, L., & Bartrons, R. (2001) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(00)01699-6 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationRevving the Engine: Signal Transduction Fuels T Cell Activation
Jones, R. G., & Thompson, C. B. (2007) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.008 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Sp1 Phosphorylation and Its Regulation of Gene Transcription
Tan, N. Y., & Khachigian, L. M. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01828-08 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Atsumi, T., Chesney, J. A., Metz, C. N., Leng, L., Donnelly, S. C., Makita, Z., Mitchell, R., & Bucala, R. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 322 · see citing works
The Pasteur effect and the relations between respiration and fermentation.
Ha, K. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Litvak, V., Ramsey, S. A., Rust, A. G., Zak, D. E., Kennedy, K. A., Lampano, A. E., Nykter, M., Shmulevich, I., & Aderem, A. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1721 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Macrophage differentiation-specific expression of NF-IL6, a transcription factor for interleukin-6
Natsuka, S., Akira, S., Nishio, Y., Hashimoto, S., Sugita, T., Isshiki, H., & Kishimoto, T. (1992) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v79.2.460.460 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Chesney, J. A., Mitchell, R., Benigni, F., Bacher, M., Spiegel, L. A., Al‐Abed, Y., Han, J. H., Metz, C. N., & Bucala, R. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3047 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
6-PHOSPHOFRUCTO-2-KINASE/FRUCTOSE-2,6-BISPHOSPHATASE: A METABOLIC SIGNALING ENZYME
Pilkis, S. J., Claus, T. H., Kurland, I. J., & Lange, A. J. (1995) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.004055 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Pinhal-Enfield, G., Ramanathan, M., Hasko, G., Vogel, S. N., Salzman, A. L., Boons, G.-J., & Leibovich, S. J. (2003) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63698-x · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Obach, M., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Caro, J., Kong, X., Duran, J., Gómez, M., Perales, J. C., Ventura, F., Rosa, J. L., & Bartrons, R. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m406096200 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ‘danger’ sensors that STOP the immune response: the A2 adenosine receptors?
Sitkovsky, M. V., & Ohta, A. (2005) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.04.004 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
A2A receptors in inflammation and injury: lessons learned from transgenic animals
Haskó, G., & Pacher, P. (2007) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0607359 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Khoa, N. D., Montesinos, M. C., Reiss, A. B., Delano, D. L., Awadallah, N. W., & Cronstein, B. N. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.4026 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B in cytokine gene regulation.
Akira, S., & Kishimoto, T. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Sandau, K. B., Zhou, J., Kietzmann, T., & Brüne, B. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m107689200 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Bando, H., Atsumi, T., Nishio, T., Niwa, H., Mishima, S., Shimizu, C., Yoshioka, N., Bucala, R., & Koike, T. (2005) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0149 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Csóka, B., Nemeth, Z. H., Virág, L., Gergely, P., Leibovich, S. J., Pacher, P., Sun, C.-X., Blackburn, M. R., Vizi, E. S., Deitch, E. A., et al. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2007-01-065870 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
NF-IL6 and NF-κB in Cytokine Gene Regulation
Akira, S., & Kishimoto, T. (1997) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60740-3 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Escoll, P., del Fresno, C., Garcia, L. G., Vallés, G., Lendinez, M. J., Arnalich, F., & López‐Collazo, E. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.019 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Jung, Y., Isaacs, J. S., Lee, S., Trepel, J. B., Liu, Z.-G., & Neckers, L. (2003) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20021279 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Activation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 in Bacillary Angiomatosis
Kempf, V. A. J., Lebiedziejewski, M., Alitalo, K. K., Wälzlein, J.-H., Ehehalt, U., Fiebig, J., Huber, S. M., Schüett, B. S., Sander, C. A., Müller, S., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000155608.07691.b7 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Lukashev, D. E., Ohta, A., Apasov, S. G., Chen, J., & Sitkovsky, M. V. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.21 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Murphree, L. J., Sullivan, G. W., Marshall, M. A., & Linden, J. M. (2005) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20050888 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Ramanathan, M., Pinhal‐Enfield, G., Hao, I., & Leibovich, S. J. (2006) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e06-07-0596 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
C/EBPα binds and activates the PU.1 distal enhancer to induce monocyte lineage commitment
Yeamans, C., Wang, D., Paz-Priel, I., Torbett, B. E., Tenen, D. G., & Friedman, A. D. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2007-03-080291 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Hypoxia inhibits macrophage migration
Turner, L., Scotton, C. J., Negus, R. P. M., & Balkwill, F. R. (1999) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199907)29:07 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Chen, C.-C., Tseng, H.-P., & Chang, W. (2006) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.12.001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Ponti, C. D., Carini, R., Alchera, E., Nitti, M. P., Locati, M., Albano, E., Cairo, G., & Tacchini, L. (2007) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0107060 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Adenosine stimulates CREB activation in macrophages via a p38 MAPK-mediated mechanism
Németh, Z. H., Leibovich, S. J., Deitch, E. A., Sperlágh, B., Virág, L., Vizi, E. S., Szabó, C., & Haskó, G. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Matsubara, S., Diao, C. T. M., Hollenberg, M. D., & Wong, N. C. W. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m011031200 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Regulation of Energy Metabolism in Macrophages during Hypoxia
Kawaguchi, T., Veech, R. L., & Uyeda, K. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m101396200 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
THE NATURE OF LEUKEMIC BLOOD CELLS AS DETERMINED BY THEIR METABOLISM
Kempner, W. (1939) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci101045 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Uematsu, S., Kaisho, T., Tanaka, T., Matsumoto, M., Yamakami, M., Omori, H., Yamamoto, M., Yoshimori, T., & Akira, S. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5378 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Matsubara, S., Diao, C. T. M., Hollenberg, M. D., & Wong, N. C. W. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m000621200 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
L(+) LACTIC ACID AND THE STEADY STATE OF CELLULAR RED/OX‐SYSTEMS
Hohorst, H. J., Arese, P., Bartels, H., Stratmann, D., & Talke, H. (1965) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb47456.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Kim, H., Xue, H., Liu, H., Zhao, K., & Leonard, W. J. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.22.9741-9752.2005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Insulin induces PFKFB3 gene expression in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells
Riera, L., Manzano, À., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Perales, J. C., & Bartrons, R. (2002) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00169-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationNavarro‐Sabaté, À., Manzano, À., Riera, L., Rosa, J. L., Ventura, F., & Bartrons, R. (2001) · Gene · doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00591-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPfkfb3is transcriptionally upregulated in diabetic mouse liver through proliferative signals
Duran, J., Obach, M., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Manzano, À., Gómez, M., Rosa, J. L., Ventura, F., Perales, J. C., & Bartrons, R. (2009) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07161.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationRiera, L., Obach, M., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Duran, J., Perales, J. C., Viñals, F., Rosa, J. L., Ventura, F., & Bartrons, R. (2003) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00808-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Y.-W., Chen, C.-C., Wang, J.-M., Chang, W., Huang, Y.-C., Chung, S.-Y., Chen, B.-K., & Hung, J. (2007) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-7375-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on human monocyte metabolism and function.
Kay, N. E., Bumol, T. F., & Douglas, S. D. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Cramer, T., Yamanishi, Y., Clausen, B. E., Fo ¨rster, I., Pawlinski, R., Mack- man, N., Haase, V. H., Jaenisch, R., Corr, M., Nizet, V., Firestein, G. S., Gerber, H. P., Ferrara, N., and Johnson, R. S. (2003) Cell 112, 645-657
- Chesney, J., Mitchell, R., Benigni, F., Bacher, M., Spiegel, L., Al-Abed, Y., Han, J. H., Metz, C., and Bucala, R. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 3047-3052
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and dendritic cells in innate immunity
Kelly, B., & O'Neill, L. A. (2015) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2015.68 · Cited by 1,876 · see citing works
Hoque, R., Farooq, A., Ghani, A., Gorelick, F. S., & Mehal, W. Z. (2014) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.014 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Macrophages and the Recovery from Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Hamidzadeh, K., Christensen, S. M., Dalby, E., Chandrasekaran, P., & Mosser, D. M. (2016) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034348 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Shi, L., Pan, H., Liu, Z., Xie, J., & Han, W. (2017) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.44 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Penny, H. L., Sieow, J. L., Adriani, G., Yeap, W. H., See, P., Luis, B. S., Lee, B. T. K., Lee, T. K., Mak, S. Y., Ho, Y. S., et al. (2016) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1191731 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Intracellular and Intercellular Aspects of Macrophage Immunometabolism in Atherosclerosis
Tabas, I. A., & Bornfeldt, K. (2020) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.119.315939 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Regulation of Macrophage Function by Adenosine
Haskó, G., & Pacher, P. (2012) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.226852 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Inflammatory microglia are glycolytic and iron retentive and typify the microglia in APP/PS1 mice
Holland, R., McIntosh, A. L., Finucane, O. M., Mela, V., Rubio‐Araiz, A., Timmons, G. A., McCarthy, S. A., Gun’ko, Y. K., & Lynch, M. A. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.017 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Macrophage function in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Lauterbach, M., & Wunderlich, F. T. (2017) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-017-1955-5 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
McIntosh, A. L., Mela, V., Harty, C., Minogue, A. M., Costello, D. A., Kerskens, C., & Lynch, M. A. (2019) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12704 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Stienstra, R., Netea-Maier, R. T., Riksen, N. P., Joosten, L. A. B., & Netea, M. G. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.001 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐García, A., Samsó, P., Fontova, P., Simon‐Molas, H., Manzano, À., Castaño, E., Rosa, J. L., Martinez-Outshoorn, U. E., Ventura, F., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., et al. (2017) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.14201 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationGundersen, V., Storm‐Mathisen, J., & Bergersen, L. H. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00024.2014 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Nagy, C., & Haschemi, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00164 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Tissue-Resident Alveolar Macrophages Do Not Rely on Glycolysis for LPS-induced Inflammation
Woods, P. S., Kimmig, L. M., Meliton, A. Y., Sun, K. A., Tian, Y., O’Leary, E. M., Gökalp, G. A., Hamanaka, R. B., & Mutlu, G. M. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2019-0244oc · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate in Cancer Cell Metabolism
Bartrons, R., Simon‐Molas, H., Rodríguez‐García, A., Castaño, E., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Manzano, À., & Martinez‐Outschoorn, U. (2018) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00331 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationPFKFB3-Driven Macrophage Glycolytic Metabolism Is a Crucial Component of Innate Antiviral Defense
Jiang, H., Shi, H., Sun, M., Wang, Y., Meng, Q., Guo, P., Cao, Y., Chen, J., Gao, X., Li, E., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600474 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Rubio‐Araiz, A., Finucane, O. M., Keogh, S., & Lynch, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1281-7 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Li, C., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Yu, Q., Jin, X., Wang, X., Jia, A., Hu, Y., Han, L., Wang, J., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22039-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
TET2 Regulates the Neuroinflammatory Response in Microglia
Carrillo-Jimenez, A., Deniz, Ö., Niklison-Chirou, M. V., Ruiz, R., Bezerra-Salomão, K., Stratoulias, V., Amouroux, R., Yip, P. K., Vilalta, A., Cheray, M., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.013 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Perception of self: distinguishing autoimmunity from autoinflammation
van Kempen, T. S., Wenink, M. H., Leijten, E. F. A., Radstake, T. R. D. J., & Boes, M. L. (2015) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.60 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Origins and diversity of macrophages in health and disease
Sreejit, G., Fleetwood, A. J., Murphy, A. J., & Nagareddy, P. R. (2020) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1222 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Mechanisms of regulation of PFKFB expression in pancreatic and gastric cancer cells
Minchenko, О. H. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13705 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The potential utility of PFKFB3 as a therapeutic target
Bartrons, R., Rodríguez‐García, A., Simon‐Molas, H., Castaño, E., Manzano, À., & Navarro‐Sabaté, À. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2018.1498082 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationCan the emerging field of immunometabolism provide insights into neuroinflammation?
Lynch, M. A. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101719 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Testing the role of myeloid cell glucose flux in inflammation and atherosclerosis
Nishizawa, T., Kanter, J. E., Kramer, F., Barnhart, S., Shen, X., Vivekanandan-Giri, A., Wall, V. Z., Kowitz, J., Devaraj, S., O’Brien, K. D., et al. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.028 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
PFKFB3 activation in cancer cells by the p38/MK2 pathway in response to stress stimuli
Novellasdemunt, L., Bultot, L., Manzano, À., Ventura, F., Rosa, J. L., Vertommen, D., Rider, M. H., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., & Bartrons, R. (2013) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20121886 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationYork, E. M., Zhang, J., Choi, H. B., & MacVicar, B. A. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23913 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Role of purines in regulation of metabolic reprogramming
Tang, Z., Ye, W., Chen, H., Kuang, X., Guo, J., Xiang, M., Peng, C., Chen, X., & Liu, H. (2019) · Purinergic Signalling · doi:10.1007/s11302-019-09676-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities
Stroope, C., Nettersheim, F. S., Coon, B. G., Finney, A. C., Schwartz, M. A., Ley, K. F., Rom, O., & Yurdagul, A. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-01015-w · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Rubinow, K. B., Wall, V., Nelson, J. D., Mar, D., Bomsztyk, K., Askari, B., Lai, M. A., Smith, K. D., Han, M. S., Vivekanandan‐Giri, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.458372 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Role of PFKFB3-driven glycolysis in sepsis
Xiao, M., Liu, D., Xu, Y., Mao, W., & Li, W. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2191217 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Metabolic reprogramming and interventions in angiogenesis
Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Zhao, X., Wu, M., & Xia, Y. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.001 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Chen, R., Wang, J., Dai, X., Wu, S., Huang, Q., Jiang, L., & Kong, X. (2022) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-022-02960-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Crean, D., Cummins, E. P., Bahar, B., Mohan, H. M., McMorrow, J. P., & Murphy, E. P. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402039 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
ZIF-8-based Nanoparticles for Inflammation Treatment and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Periodontitis
Li, Y., Xu, C., Mao, J., Mao, L., Li, W., Liu, Z., Shin, A., Wu, J., Hou, L., Li, D., et al. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c05722 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Irvine, K. M., Gallego, P., An, X., Best, S. E., Thomas, G. P., Wells, C. A., Harris, M. A., Cotterill, A. M., & Thomas, R. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1549 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fei, F., Lee, K. M., McCarry, B. E., & Bowdish, D. M. E. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep22637 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A2a and a2b adenosine receptors affect HIF‐1α signaling in activated primary microglial cells
Merighi, S., Borea, P. A., Stefanelli, A., Bencivenni, S., Castillo, C. A., Varani, K., & Gessi, S. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22861 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
PFKFB3/HIF-1α feedback loop modulates sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Qian, L., Zou, X., Song, Y., Duan, Z., & Liu, L. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.109 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wang, M., Flaswinkel, H., Joshi, A., Napoli, M., Masgrau‐Alsina, S., Kamper, J. M., Henne, A., Heinz, A., Bérouti, M., Schmacke, N. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50104-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Inflammaging and fatty acid oxidation in monocytes and macrophages
Kruglov, V., Jang, I. H., & Camell, C. D. (2024) · Immunometabolism · doi:10.1097/in9.0000000000000038 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Adenosine stimulates angiogenesis by up-regulating production of thrombospondin-1 by macrophages
Ernens, I., Bousquenaud, M., Lenoir, B., Devaux, Y., & Wagner, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.3hi0514-249rr · Cited by 35 · see citing works
BCG Vaccinations Upregulate Myc, a Central Switch for Improved Glucose Metabolism in Diabetes
Kühtreiber, W. M., Takahashi, H., Keefe, R. C., Song, Y., Tran, L., Luck, T. G., Shpilsky, G. F., Moore, L., Sinton, S. M., Graham, J. C., et al. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101085 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The flux of energy in critical illness and the obesity paradox
Jaitovich, A., & Hall, J. B. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2024 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of glycolysis on the polarization and function of tumor‑associated macrophages (Review)
Cao, J., Zeng, F., Liao, S., Cao, L., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2023.5518 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
PI3K–Akt signaling controls PFKFB3 expression during human T-lymphocyte activation
Simon‐Molas, H., Arnedo-Pac, C., Fontova, P., Vidal‐Alabró, A., Castaño, E., Rodríguez‐García, A., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Lloberas, N., Manzano, À., & Bartrons, R. (2018) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-018-3325-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMahmassani, Z. S., Reidy, P. T., McKenzie, A. I., Stubben, C., Howard, M. T., & Drummond, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01093.2018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Decano, J. L., & Aikawa, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2018.00097 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Macrophage NOS2 in Tumor Leukocytes
Brüne, B., Courtial, N., Dehne, N., Syed, S. N., & Weigert, A. (2016) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2016.6811 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhu, B., Guo, X., Xu, H., Jiang, B., Li, H., Wang, Y., Yin, Q., Zhou, T., Cai, J. J., Glaser, S. S., et al. (2021) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/s41374-020-00523-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Guevara, M., Tejera, E., Iturralde, G. A., Jaramillo-Vivanco, T., Granda-Albuja, M. G., Granda-Albuja, S., Santos‐Buelga, C., Paramás, A. M. G., & Álvarez-Suárez, J. M. (2019) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.110594 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Glycolytic reprogramming in microglia: A potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke
Zhang, G., Zhao, A., Zhang, X., Zeng, M., Wei, H., Xu, Y., Wang, J., Jiang, X., & Dai, Y. (2024) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111466 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Canonical and Non-Canonical Roles of PFKFB3 in Brain Tumors
Alvarez, R., Mandal, D., & Chittiboina, P. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10112913 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
HDL and LDL have distinct, opposing effects on LPS-induced brain inflammation
Radford‐Smith, D. E., Yates, A. G., Rizvi, L., Anthony, D. C., & Probert, F. (2023) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01817-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tian, W., Guo, H.-S., Li, C., Cao, W., Wang, X., Mo, D., Hao, X.-W., Feng, Y.-D., Sun, Y., Fan, L., et al. (2019) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2019.02.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
He, Q., Yin, J., Zou, B., & Guo, H. (2022) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2022.06.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Höper, T., Siewert, K., Dumit, V. I., von Bergen�, M., Schubert, K. A., & Haase, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.644700 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Uncomplicating the Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: The 2014 Edwin Bierman Award Lecture
Bornfeldt, K. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1963 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in driving macrophage conversion in kidney disease
Gong, N., Wang, W., Fu, Y., Zheng, X., Guo, X., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Zheng, S., & Cai, G. (2025) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-025-00746-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Reddy, K. E., Jeong, J. Y., Lee, S. D., Baek, Y.-C., Oh, Y., Kim, M., So, K.-M., Kim, D. W., Kim, J. H., Park, S., et al. (2016) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.014 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Overexpressed PKM2 promotes macrophage phagocytosis and atherosclerosis
Gai, X., Liu, F., Wu, Y., Zhang, B., Tang, B., Shang, K., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Yang, S., et al. (2022) · Animal Models and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1002/ame2.12266 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pathogenic role of PFKFB3 in endothelial inflammatory diseases
Zhou, L., Li, J., Wang, J., Niu, X., Li, J., & Zhang, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2024.1454456 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Zhang, P., Han, F., Zhou, Y., Wei, J.-X., Wang, C., Song, M., Lin, S.-P., Xu, Y., & Chen, X. (2024) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107334 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Han, S., Chen, J., Sun, J., & Sun, X. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109691 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cheng, X., Jia, X., Wang, C., Zhou, S., Chen, J., Chen, L., & Chen, J. (2023) · World Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1186/s12957-023-02990-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wei, L., Zhang, L.-J., Yang, L.-Y., Wang, X., Zhao, C.-H., & Zhao, D. (2022) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897211073127 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Woods, P. S., Çetin-Atalay, R., Meliton, A. Y., Sun, K. A., Shamaa, O. R., Shin, K. W. D., Tian, Y., Haugen, B., Hamanaka, R. B., & Mutlu, G. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95962-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hypoxia regulates GR function through multiple mechanisms involving microRNAs 103 and 107
Yang, N., Berry, A. A., Sauer, C. M., Baxter, M. D., Donaldson, I. J., Forbes, K. A., Donn, R. P., Matthews, L. C., & Ray, D. W. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2020.111007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The role of glycolysis in immune response
Budikhina, A. S., & Pashenkov, M. V. (2021) · Immunologiya · doi:10.33029/0206-4952-2021-42-1-5-20 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Costly immunometabolic remodelling in disused muscle buildup through physical exercise
Padilha, C. S., Figueiredo, C., Deminice, R., Krüger, K., Seelaender, M. C. L., Neto, J. C. R., & Lira, F. S. (2022) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13782 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Genomic Deletion of PFKFB3 Decreases In Vivo Tumorigenesis
Imbert-Fernandez, Y., Chang, S., Lanceta, L., Sanders, N. M., Chesney, J. A., Clem, B. F., & Telang, S. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16132330 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhu, R., Zhou, H., Fan, H., & Wang, Q. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018820923474 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
RetractedPFKFB3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3)
Novellasdemunt, L., Navarro‐Sabaté, À., Manzano, À., Rodríguez‐García, A., & Bartrons, R. (2013) · Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology · doi:10.4267/2042/51425 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in Immunity and Tolerance
Kong, D., WillsonShirkey, M., Piao, W., Wu, L., Luo, S., Kensiski, A., Zhao, J., Lee, Y., Abdi, R., Zheng, H., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202451321 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Awad, K., Shahin, N. N., Motawi, T. K., Abdelhadi, M., Barghash, R., Awad, A. M., Kakkola, L., & Julkunen, I. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15010047 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jiang, M., & An, X.-F. (2026) · Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2026.156621 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adenosine and Multiple Sclerosis
Sánchez‐Gómez, M. V., González‐Fernández, E., Arellano, R. O., & Matute, C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3903-5_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Type 2 Immunity and Metabolism
Prahalad, P., Odegaard, J. I., & Chawla, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2911-5_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
GPR81 LACTATE RECEPTORS IN THE REGULATION OF CELL FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY
Boytsova, E. B., Morgun, A., Martynova, G. P., Tohidpour, A., Писарева, Н. В., Ruzaeva, V. A., & Salmina, A. B. (2016) · Siberian medical review · doi:10.20333/25000136-2016-5-15-23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Macrophage Metabolic Reprogramming After Myocardial Infarction
Zeng, L., Song, S., Zhang, X., Huang, Z., Sun, A., & Ge, J. (2023) · CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal · doi:10.51789/cmsj.2023.3.e16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hoque, R., Farooq, A., Ghani, A., Gorelick, F. S., & Mehal, W. Z. (2014)
Adenosine A2B receptor effects on post-MI remodeling and cardiac fibroblast function
Zhan, E. (2014) · Human Biology
Expression of DNA Repair and Response to Oxidative Stress Genes in Diabetes Mellitus
Takahashi, P., Xavier, D. J., & Sakamoto‐Hojo, E. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11985-4_9
Tackling the Achilles heel of spondyloarthritis
van Kempen, T. S. (2020) · doi:10.33540/246
Wang, Y., Han, S., Chen, J., Sun, J., & Sun, X. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2123289/v1
Chen, R., Wang, J., Dai, X., Wu, S., Huang, Q., Jiang, L., & Kong, X. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22603135
Additional file 1 of HDL and LDL have distinct, opposing effects on LPS-induced brain inflammation
Radford‐Smith, D. E., Yates, A. G., Rizvi, L., Anthony, D. C., & Probert, F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26584428
Li, S., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Sun, J. (2026) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111679
Mechanistic insights into lactate-driven pathogenesis in diabetic kidney disease
He, S., Yang, L., & Yin, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1950569
- Authors
- Ruiz-García, A., Monsalve, E., Novellasdemunt, L., Navarro-Sabaté, À., Manzano, A., Rivero, S., Castrillo, A., Casado, M., Laborda, J., Bartrons, R., & Díaz-Guerra, M. J. M.
- Affiliations
- Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (ES)
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ES)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (ES)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 286
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 19247-19258
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3103303
- OpenAlex
- W1980834304
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- adenosine, adenosine A2A receptor, adenosine A2B receptor, PFKFB3, macrophages, TLR4, lipopolysaccharide, glycolytic flux, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, HIF-1α, Sp1, AMPK, macrophage activation, innate immunity
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine, Adenosine Triphosphate, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cell Line, Fructosediphosphates, Glycolysis, Isoenzymes, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophage Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Sp1 Transcription Factor, Sequence Deletion, Macrophages, Peritoneal, Mice, Knockout, Phosphofructokinase-2, Receptor, Adenosine A2B, Receptor, Adenosine A2A, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Mice, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review