Signaling to NF-κB

Hayden, Matthew S.; Ghosh, Sankar

doi:10.1101/gad.1228704

Cited by 3,842NF-κB Signaling PathwaysSignaling Pathways in DiseaseImmune Response and Inflammation

Signaling to NF-κB

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Hayden, Matthew S., Ghosh, Sankar·2004·Genes & Development

DOI 10.1101/gad.1228704

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Abstract

The transcription factor NF-κB has been the focus of intense investigation for nearly two decades. Over this period, considerable progress has been made in determining the function and regulation of NF-κB, although there are nuances in this important signaling pathway that still remain to be understood. The challenge now is to reconcile the regulatory complexity in this pathway with the complexity of responses in which NF-κB family members play important roles. In this review, we provide an overview of established NF-κB signaling pathways with focus on the current state of research into the mechanisms that regulate IKK activation and NF-κB transcriptional activity.

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A number of genes that regulate apoptosis, cell proliferation, invasion or angiogenesis are known to be NF-κB target genes in one or more models or cancer sites.
“A number of genes that regulate apoptosis, cell proliferation, invasion or angiogenesis are known to be NF-κB target genes in one or more models or cancer sites (32).”
From Tumor suppressor PDCD4 inhibits NF-κB-dependent transcription in human glioblastoma cells by direct interaction with p65 (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
The “TNFα: a model NF-κB stimulus” section identifies antiapoptotic genes, including cIAP1/2 and Bcl-XL, whose expression is regulated through NF-κB. The paper also links NF-κB signaling to lymphocyte proliferation, but the passages found do not identify NF-κB target genes regulating invasion or angiogenesis, or establish the full claim across cancer models or sites (searched: angiogenesis, invasion, proliferation). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
NFκB regulates various genes involved in inflammatory responses and its activation is important for host defense and repair after insult.
“In addition, the transcription factor, NFκB, regulates various genes involved in inflammatory responses and its activation is important for host defense and repair after insult (Hayden and Ghosh, 2004).”
From Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFκB: A potential anti-inflammatory pathway (2007) · cites this paper as Hayden and Ghosh, 2004
The opening section says NF-κB regulates cytokines, growth factors, and effector enzymes involved in immunity, and the Toll/IL-1 receptor section describes its essential role in early innate immune responses. The copy does not establish that NF-κB activation is important for repair after insult; the Cell stress section describes a possible role in allowing DNA repair as an unproven hypothesis. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the NF-κB system, NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB; pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS and IL-1 act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to activation of IKK; IKK phosphorylates IκB causing its release and degradation, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus where it can activate a
“In the NF-κB system (e.g. [2020-2024]) (Fig 8), NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB (often IκBα). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS [2025-2030] and IL-1 [2031] act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to the activation of a particular kinase, IκB kinase or IKK. This kinase phosphorylates the”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [2021]
In resting cells, NF-κB resides in the cytoplasm bound to IκBα, which blocks the nuclear localization signal of p65.
“In an unstimulated state, NF-κB is present in the cytoplasm bound with inhibitor of κB α (IκBα), which masks the nuclear localization sequence of p65 [12]”
From Edible blue-green algae reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-κB pathway in macrophages and splenocytes (2013) · cites this paper as [12]

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Authors: Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
ORCID: Hayden, Matthew S.
Ghosh, Sankar
Venue: Genes & Development
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2004-09-15
Volume: 18
Issue: 18
Pages: 2195-2224
ISSN: 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
1549-5477
DOI: 10.1101/gad.1228704
OpenAlex: W2148119611
Cited by: 3,842
References: 367
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 166 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 152 · 2017: 126 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 193 · 2014: 243 · 2013: 234 · 2012: 239
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (1r01ai059440-01)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM07205, T32GM007205)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R37 AI33443, R37AI033443, AI59440)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords: NF-κB, NF-κB signaling, transcriptional regulation, signal transduction
MeSH terms: Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Transcription, Genetic, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, I-kappa B Proteins, I-kappa B Kinase

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