Cited by 320Redox biology and oxidative stressGlutathione Transferases and PolymorphismsSulfur Compounds in Biology

Human Mitochondrial Glutaredoxin Reduces S-Glutathionylated Proteins with High Affinity Accepting Electrons from Either Glutathione or Thioredoxin Reductase

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Johansson, Catrine, Lillig, Christopher Horst, Holmgren, Arne·2004·Journal of Biological Chemistry

Abstract

Glutaredoxins catalyze glutathione-dependent thiol disulfide oxidoreductions via a GSH-binding site and active cysteines. Recently a second human glutaredoxin (Grx2), which is targeted to either mitochondria or the nucleus, was cloned. Grx2 contains the active site sequence CSYC, which is different from the conserved CPYC motif present in the cytosolic Grx1. Here we have compared the activity of Grx2 and Grx1 using glutathionylated substrates and active site mutants. The kinetic studies showed that Grx2 catalyzes the reduction of glutathionylated substrates with a lower rate but higher affinity compared with Grx1, resulting in almost identical catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)). Permutation of the active site motifs of Grx1 and Grx2 revealed that the CSYC sequence of Grx2 is a prerequisite for its high affinity toward glutathionylated proteins, which comes at the price of lower k(cat). Furthermore Grx2 was a substrate for NADPH and thioredoxin reductase, which efficiently reduced both the active site disulfide and the GSH-glutaredoxin intermediate formed in the reduction of glutathionylated substrates. Using this novel electron donor pathway, Grx2 reduced low molecular weight disulfides such as CoA but with particular high efficiency glutathionylated substrates including GSSG. These results suggest an important role for Grx2 in protection and recovery from oxidative stress.

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  • Reduction of the oxidized form of Grx2 can be mediated by GSH or NADH and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR).

    “reduction of the oxidized form of Grx2 can be mediated by GSH or NADH and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) (195)”

    From Redox regulation of mitochondrial function (2012) · cites this paper as [195]

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Authors
Johansson, C., Lillig, C. H., & Holmgren, A.
Affiliations
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Holmgren, Arne
Venue
Journal of Biological Chemistry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2004-02
Volume
279
Issue
9
Pages
7537-7543
ISSN
0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2103665725
Cited by
320
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
FWCI
6.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Wenner-Gren Foundation
  • Cancerfonden
  • Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
Keywords
glutaredoxin 2, glutaredoxin 1, glutathione, thioredoxin reductase, NADPH, catalytic efficiency, glutathione disulfide, antioxidant defense
MeSH terms
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Binding Sites, Catalysis, Cattle, Cytosol, Disulfides, Glutathione, Humans, Mitochondria, Molecular Sequence Data, NADP, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidoreductases, Proteins, Recombinant Proteins, Structure-Activity Relationship, Substrate Specificity, Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Sequence Alignment, Conserved Sequence, Oxidative Stress, Glutaredoxins

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