Cited by 1,376Mitochondrial Function and PathologyAutophagy in Disease and TherapyCell death mechanisms and regulation

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Disruption of Fusion Results in Mitochondrial Heterogeneity and Dysfunction

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Chen, Hsiuchen, Chomyn, Anne, Chan, David C.·2005·Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Abstract

Mitochondria undergo continual cycles of fusion and fission, and the balance of these opposing processes regulates mitochondrial morphology. Paradoxically, cells invest many resources to maintain tubular mitochondrial morphology, when reducing both fusion and fission simultaneously achieves the same end. This observation suggests a requirement for mitochondrial fusion, beyond maintenance of organelle morphology. Here, we show that cells with targeted null mutations in Mfn1 or Mfn2 retained low levels of mitochondrial fusion and escaped major cellular dysfunction. Analysis of these mutant cells showed that both homotypic and heterotypic interactions of Mfns are capable of fusion. In contrast, cells lacking both Mfn1 and Mfn2 completely lacked mitochondrial fusion and showed severe cellular defects, including poor cell growth, widespread heterogeneity of mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased cellular respiration. Disruption of OPA1 by RNAi also blocked all mitochondrial fusion and resulted in similar cellular defects. These defects in Mfn-null or OPA1-RNAi mammalian cells were corrected upon restoration of mitochondrial fusion, unlike the irreversible defects found in fzodelta yeast. In contrast, fragmentation of mitochondria, without severe loss of fusion, did not result in such cellular defects. Our results showed that key cellular functions decline as mitochondrial fusion is progressively abrogated.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Method
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“In contrast, overexpression of WT Opa1 resulted inmitochondrial fragmentation (Figures 5C andD), as has been observed in other studies.(6,48) To analyze the submitochondrial localization of the truncated Opa1 mutant protein, we used structural illumination microscopy (SIM).”
Result
Mitochondrial nucleoid morphology and respiratory function are altered in Drp1-deficient HeLa cells
Ota, A., Ishihara, T., & Ishihara, N. (2019) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvz112 · Cited by 28
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Two Rare Human Mitofusin 2 Mutations Alter Mitochondrial Dynamics and Induce Retinal and Cardiac Pathology in Drosophila
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BackgroundInfluential
Mitochondrial fission and fusion
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Background
Structural Heterogeneity of Mitochondria Induced by the Microtubule Cytoskeleton
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“(10) describe the sequential transformation of the mitochondrial graph (Eq.”
Background
LprG and PE _ PGRS 33 Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factors induce differential mitochondrial dynamics in macrophages
Aguilar‐López, B. A., Correa, F., Moreno‐Altamirano, M. M. B., Espitia, C., Hernández‐Longoria, R., Oliva, J., Padierna‐Olivos, J., & Sánchez-García, F. J. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.12728 · Cited by 29
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Result
Effect of Qiangji Jianli decoction on mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and expression of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in myasthenia gravis rats
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“Mitochondria form highly structured networks which are maintained through dynamic fusion and fission.(77,78) The dynamic balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission is crucial for diverse biological processes, namely apoptosis, embryonic development and human diseases.”
Background
Mitochondrial Dynamics: In Cell Reprogramming as It Is in Cancer
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Background
Relative lipid oxidation associates directly with mitochondrial fusion phenotype and mitochondria-sarcoplasmic reticulum interactions in human skeletal muscle
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Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission contributes to Cr(VI)-induced mitophagy and hepatotoxicity
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Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA): Modeling the Kaleidoscopic Roles of OPA1 in Mitochondrial Homeostasis
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“Overexpression or silencing of OPA1 in MEFs highlighted its fundamental role in maintaining a filamentous mitochondrial network and sustaining fusion (50, 51), supporting respiratory efficiency (51), and controlling cristae integrity and apoptosis (13).”
Background
An interactive deep learning-based approach reveals mitochondrial cristae topologies
Suga, S., Nakamura, K., Nakanishi, Y., Humbel, B. M., Kawai, H., & Hirabayashi, Y. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002246 · Cited by 30
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Background
Mechanisms of disease and clinical features of mutations of the gene for mitofusin 2: an important cause of hereditary peripheral neuropathy with striking clinical variability in children and adults
Ouvrier, R., & Grew, S. (2010) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03613.x · Cited by 28
Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Heart as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cardioprotection
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Background
Caspases indirectly regulate cleavage of the mitochondrial fusion GTPase OPA1 in neurons undergoing apoptosis
Loucks, F. A., Schroeder, E. K., Zommer, A. E., Hilger, S., Kelsey, N. A., Bouchard, R. J., Blackstone, C. D., Brewster, J. L., & Linseman, D. A. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.081 · Cited by 27
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Background
Exploring new mechanisms of Imeglimin in diabetes treatment: Amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction
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Ubisol-Q10 Prevents Glutamate-Induced Cell Death by Blocking Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Permeability Transition Pore Opening
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Mitochondrial fragmentation in neuronal degeneration: Toward an understanding of HD striatal susceptibility
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Loureirin B Promotes Axon Regeneration by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Regulating the Akt/GSK-3β Pathway after Spinal Cord Injury
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“16 To date, a great deal of research has indicated that it is critical that mitochondria fuse so that they can exchange information, achieve functional complementation (metabolic complementation in particular), and neutralize partial damage.”
Blockage of ROS-ERK-DLP1 signaling and mitochondrial fission alleviates Cr(VI)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in L02 hepatocytes
Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Liang, N., Liang, Y., Lu, C., & Xiao, F. (2019) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109749 · Cited by 27
Changes in the expression of cardiac mitofusin-2 in different stages of diabetes in rats
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“Elimination of Mfn2 in fibroblasts, L6E9 myotubes or Opa1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased mitochondrial fission and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, glucose and palmitate oxidation as well as respiratory complex activity (11-13).”
Background
Mitochondria and antiviral innate immunity.
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A form of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) lacking the transmembrane domains and the COOH-terminal end stimulates metabolism in muscle and liver cells
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“Indeed, these data are fully consistent with prior observations indicating that Mfn2 loss of function reduces mitochondrial activity in muscle cells (4, 11, 37) as well as in skeletal muscle and liver (44).”
Result
Quantum Sensing of Free Radical Generation in Mitochondria of Single Heart Muscle Cells during Hypoxia and Reoxygenation
Fan, S., Gao, H. J., Zhang, Y., Nie, L., Bártolo, R., Bron, R., Santos, H. A., & Schirhagl, R. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c07959 · Cited by 26
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Brain Cells During Normal and Pathological Aging
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Tributyltin induces mitochondrial fission through Mfn1 degradation in human induced pluripotent stem cells
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Mitochondria damaged by Oxygen Glucose Deprivation can be Restored through Activation of the PI3K/Akt Pathway and Inhibition of Calcium Influx by Amlodipine Camsylate
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Atorvastatin Restores PPARα Inhibition of Lipid Metabolism Disorders by Downregulating miR-21 Expression to Improve Mitochondrial Function and Alleviate Diabetic Nephropathy Progression
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“For example, fibroblasts lacking Mfn1 completely did not indicate mitochondrial fusion and exhibited severe cellular defects, including poor growth and heterogeneity of mitochondrial membrane potential (Chen et al., 2005).”
Background
Tissue repair in myxobacteria: A cooperative strategy to heal cellular damage
Vassallo, C. N., & Wall, D. (2016) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201500132 · Cited by 26
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Background
Endogenous interactomes of MFN1 and MFN2 provide novel insights into interorganelle communication and autophagy
Gordaliza‐Alaguero, I., Sànchez‐Fernàndez‐de‐Landa, P., Radivojevikj, D., Villarreal, L., Arauz‐Garofalo, G., Gay, M., Martínez‐Vicente, M., Seco, J., Martín-Malpartida, P., Vilaseca, M., et al. (2024) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2024.2440843 · Cited by 29
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RETRACTED: Mitochondrial Dynamics, Biogenesis, and Function Are Coordinated with the Cell Cycle by APC/CCDH1
Garedew, A., Andreassi, C., & Moncada, S. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.003 · Cited by 26
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Background
Retracted
Identification and Characterization of Mitochondrial Subtypes in Caenorhabditis elegans via Analysis of Individual Mitochondria by Flow Cytometry
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“An increase in mitochondrial fission is presumably associated with a reduction in ATP generation, which results in increased mitochondrial-derived apoptosis (Chen et al., 2005).”
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Mitochondrial fusion regulates proliferation and differentiation in the type II neuroblast lineage in Drosophila
Dubal, D., Moghe, P., Verma, R. K., Uttekar, B., & Rikhy, R. (2022) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010055 · Cited by 22
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BackgroundInfluential
L‐OPA1 deficiency aggravates necroptosis of alveolar epithelial cells through impairing mitochondrial function during acute lung injury in mice
Jiang, H., Yang, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Zhong, W., Guan, X., Jin, L., Hong, J., Yang, J., Tan, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30766 · Cited by 25
“Upon stress, L‐OPA1 is downregulated, and the fusion process of mitochondria is inhibited, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction (Chen et al., 2005; Kong et al., 2014).”
Background
Macrophage-mediated immune response aggravates hearing disfunction caused by the disorder of mitochondrial dynamics in cochlear hair cells
Zhang, Y., Fu, X., Li, Y., Li, W., Hong, G., Guo, S., Xiao, Y., Liu, Z., Ding, S., Bi, X., et al. (2022) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddac270 · Cited by 26
Do we age because we have mitochondria?
Bereiter‐Hahn, J. (2013) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-013-0515-x · Cited by 25
Insight into mammalian mitochondrial DNA segregation
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Authors: Chen, H., Chomyn, A., & Chan, D. C.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Chan, David C.
ORCID: Chan, David C.
Venue: Journal of Biological Chemistry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-07
Volume: 280
Issue: 28
Pages: 26185-26192
ISSN: 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503062200
OpenAlex: W2124140045
Cited by: 1,376
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 92
FWCI: 15.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 5552 d)
Locations: Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Muscular Dystrophy Association
United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM11726, 1 R01 GM62967-01, R01GM062967)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
Keywords: mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, Mfn1, mitofusin 2, OPA1, mitochondrial heterogeneity, mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular respiration, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial dysfunction
MeSH terms: Alleles, Animals, Fibroblasts, Genotype, Membrane Potentials, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Mitochondria, Mutation, Oxygen, Oxygen Consumption, Polyethylene Glycols, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, RNA, Time Factors, Blotting, Western, Microscopy, Confocal, GTP Phosphohydrolases, RNA Interference, Cell Proliferation, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice

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Disruption of Fusion Results in Mitochondrial Heterogeneity and Dysfunction

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