Structure and Function of Photolyase and in Vivo Enzymology: 50th Anniversary
Open accessAbstract
Photoreactivation is the reversal of the harmful effects of far-UV radiation (200–300 nm) on organisms, such as growth delay, mutation, cell death, and cancer, by concomitant or subsequent exposure of the organism to near-UV/blue light (300–500 nm). The two major lesions induced in DNA by UV light are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (Pyr<>Pyr2 or CPD), which constitute ∼80–90% of the photoproducts, and pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts (Pyr[6-4]Pyr), which account for the 10–20% of the UV lesions.
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In the absence of blue light, photolyases bind to CPDs and 6-4PPs.
“In the absence of blue light photolyases bind to CPDs, and 6-4PPs.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
CPDs and 6-4PPs are the two main types of photolesions repaired by photolyases.
“CPDs and 6-4PPs are the two main types of photolesions repaired by photolyases.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Energy obtained through excitation of the chromophore is transferred to FADH, and photoexcited FADH provides energy for dimer-splitting.
“The energy obtained through excitation of chormophore is then transferred to important cofactor—reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH). Consequently, photoexcitated FADH provides energy for the dimer-splitting.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In many organisms, photolyases are the key enzymes that remove photo-damage.
“However, in many organisms, photolyases are the key enzymes that remove photo-damage.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Absorption of light by the class-specific chromophore leads to its excitation.
“The absorption of light by the class specific chromophore (either 5,10-methyl tetrahydrofolate (MTHF) or 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin (8-HDF)) leads to its excitation.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Subsequent back electron transfer regenerates FADH, ensuring the proper FAD form for the next reaction.
“Subsequent back electron transfer regenerates the FADH, ensuring the proper FAD form for the next reaction.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Two classes of CPD photolyases with different electron transfer pathways and different mechanistic properties exist.
“Two classes of CPD photolyases with different pathway of electron transfer, and different mechanistic properties exist.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
A thymine pair is flipped back into the DNA duplex, and the hydrogen bond between thymine and adenine is formed.
“A thymine pair is consequently flipped back into the DNA duplex and the hydrogen bond between thymine and adenine is formed.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Placental mammals, including humans, lack photolyase activity, and repair of UV-induced damage is probably replaced by NER.
“Placental mammals (including humans) lack photolyase activity, and the repair of UV-induced damage is probably replaced by the activity of NER.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Covalent links between adjacent pyrimidines in dimers are broken, and proper DNA structure is restored.
“Again, the covalent links between adjacent pyrimidines in the dimers are broken, and the proper structure of DNA molecule is restored [77,78,79,80,81].”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Repair of 6-4PPs is different than CPDs and requires (6-4PP) photolyase and involves oxetane intermediate formation.
“The repair of 6-4PPs is different than CPDs and requires (6-4PPs) photolyase and involves oxetane intermediate formation.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Conflicting results exist on oxetane formation during repair.
“However, conflicting results exist on the oxetane formation during repair.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Sancar, A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sancar, Aziz
- ORCID
- Sancar, Aziz
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 283
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 32153-32157
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2583285
- OpenAlex
- W2089724322
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM310.82)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Enzyme Structure and Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Keywords
- photolyase, photoreactivation, DNA repair, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, 6-4 photoproducts, UV-induced DNA damage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biochemistry, Catalysis, Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase, DNA Repair, Kinetics, Models, Chemical, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Photochemistry, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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