The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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Noel, C. W., McMullen, C. P., Yao, C. M. K. L., Monteiro, E., Goldstein, D. P., Eskander, A. E., & de Almeida, J. R. (2018) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.27183 · Cited by 32
“05 boundary P value and its contribution to an increasing number of unreproducible research findings.(41) Limitations of the P value include its inability to reflect the size of treatment effect or to provide a range of plausible values for any given statistically significant result.”
BackgroundRenwick, W. H., Vanni, M. J., Fisher, T. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2018.04.0162 · Cited by 33
Andersen, L. P., Høgh, A., Andersen, J. H., & Biering, K. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519831386 · Cited by 33
“Therefore, the sizes of the risk estimates may provide important information and be of practical relevance regardless of statistical significance (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundA Preliminary Polarimetric Radar Comparison of Pretornadic and Nontornadic Supercell Storms
Broeke, M. S. V. D. (2020) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/mwr-d-19-0296.1 · Cited by 33
Ingraffia, R., Amato, G., Sosa‐Hernández, M. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00760 · Cited by 33
Adherence to guidelines is associated with improved survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest
Hessulf, F., Herlitz, J. D., Rawshani, A., Aune, S., Israelsson, J., Källestedt, M. S., Nordberg, P., Lundgren, P., & Engdahl, J. (2020) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.07.009 · Cited by 33
Reinoso‐Carvalho, F., Gunn, L. H., ter Horst, E., & Spence, C. J. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9121876 · Cited by 36
Generation and prediction of flight delays in air transport
Li, Q., & Jing, R. (2021) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/itr2.12057 · Cited by 33
How weather conditions affect guest arrivals and duration of stay: An alpine destination case
Bausch, T., Gartner, W. C., & Humpe, A. (2021) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2459 · Cited by 33
“Nuzzo (2014) as well as Wasserstein and Lazar (2016) encourage the use of multiple methods on the same data set in order to improve the understanding of the underlying relationships.”
Wade, R. G., Burr, N. E., McCauley, G., Bourke, G., & Efthimiou, O. (2021) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · doi:10.7892/boris.145978 · Cited by 33
Polygenic and socioeconomic risk for high body mass index: 69 years of follow-up across life
Bann, D., Wright, L., Hardy, R., Williams, D. M., & Davies, N. M. (2022) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010233 · Cited by 32
On the Imperative for Reflexivity in School Psychology Scholarship
Arora, P. G., Sullivan, A. L., & Song, S. Y. (2022) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2022.2105050 · Cited by 41
“…despite being wielded as factual, definitive, or impartial (see for example, the ongoing clashes regarding the value of p -val- ues, p -hacking, and other statistical approaches and interpretations; e.g., van Zyl, 2018; Wasserstein et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wicherts et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDETECTING RELATIVISTIC X-RAY JETS IN HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS
McKeough, K., Siemiginowska, A., Cheung, C. C., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/833/1/123 · Cited by 33
“Note, however, that it should never be interpreted as a measure of the probability that the alternate hypothesis is true, nor, if the null cannot be rejected, as a measure of the probability that the null hypothesis is true (Wasserstein & Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundOrtmayr, K., Charwat, V., Kasper, C., Hann, S., & Koellensperger, G. (2016) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c6an01342b · Cited by 32
Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2017) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12302 · Cited by 41
“There have been strong arguments that the cult of p-values is fundamental to problems of reproducibility, and recent guidance from the American Statistical Association clearly revealed their misuse (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundUnethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies
Robertshaw, M. B., & Asher, A. (2019) · Library Trends · doi:10.1353/lib.2019.0031 · Cited by 42
Hanin, L. (2017) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0399-0 · Cited by 32
Gu, Y., Li, W., Evans, M. J., & Englert, B. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.99.022112 · Cited by 33
O'Connor, A. M. C., Cooper, V. L., Censi, L., Meyer, E., Kneipp, M., & Dewell, G. A. (2019) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15633 · Cited by 32
Aoki, S. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03306 · Cited by 37
“Furthermore, the misuse and misunderstanding of p-value have become public [6], and use of effect sizes is spreading beyond pedagogy and psychology, where effect sizes have developed, into areas such as in biology [1].”
BackgroundBayes factor functions for reporting outcomes of hypothesis tests
Johnson, V. E., Pramanik, S., & Shudde, R. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2217331120 · Cited by 35
Randomization Test: An Alternative Analysis for the Difference of Two Means
Nuzzo, R. L. (2017) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.02.001 · Cited by 32
“First, simply using a “bright line” rule of P .05 is not recommended for justifying scientific claims or conclusions, according to the American Statistical Association [10], so in a larger sense the question of statistical significance should be seen along a continuum rather than as a dichotomous result.”
BackgroundStone, D. N. (2017) · Accounting Horizons · doi:10.2308/acch-51949 · Cited by 29
GLP-1 receptor agonists: differentiation within the class
Taylor, S. I. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30413-8 · Cited by 33
Assaf, A. G., & Tsionas, E. G. (2018) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.011 · Cited by 35
Chang, Z., Meng, F., Zhang, Z., et al. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.26669 · Cited by 32
“05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.(19) All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY).”
MethodApplying Evidence-Based Medicine to Shared Decision Making: Value of Restricted MeanSurvival Time
McCaw, Z. R., Orkaby, A. R., Wei, L., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.07.026 · Cited by 32
Beyond Calculations: A Course in Statistical Thinking
Steel, E. A., Liermann, M. C., & Guttorp, P. M. (2019) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1505657 · Cited by 37
“A Prescription for a Post-p<0.05 Era: Teach Statistical Wisdom Statisticians and others are in general agreement that the current system of curating scientific knowledge is flawed (Sterne and Smith 2001; Leek and Peng 2015; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialExact replication: Foundation of science or game of chance?
Piper, S. K., Grittner, U., Rex, A., Riedel, N., Fischer, F. H., Nadon, R., Siegerink, B., & Dirnagl, U. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000188 · Cited by 33
Pivovarova, M., & Powers, J. M. (2019) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-019-0075-4 · Cited by 32
Clustering structure analysis in time-series data with density-based clusterability measure
Jokinen, J. J., Räty, T., & Lintonen, T. (2019) · IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica · doi:10.1109/jas.2019.1911744 · Cited by 32
“The multimodality of the empirical pairwise distance distribution is tested by using Silverman’s test [44] and Hartigans dip test [45].”
MethodThe fragility of trial results involves more than statistical significance alone
Walter, S. D., Thabane, L., & Briel, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.02.011 · Cited by 32
Barlow, J. P., Schorr, G. S., Falcone, E., et al. (2020) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps13350 · Cited by 32
Boring, M. J., Ridgeway, K., Shvartsman, M., & Jonker, T. R. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abb9bc · Cited by 33
“1 Readers who prefer to reason in terms of binary significance decisions can interpret the confidence intervals—those that do not overlap zero are ‘significant’ (although we caution against doing so without considering the effect sizes of interest and broader context of the work (see also [44])).”
BackgroundOgero, M. O., Sarguta, R. J., Malla, L., Aluvaala, J., Agweyu, A., English, M., Onyango, N. O., & Akech, S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035045 · Cited by 32
Ming, N. C., & Goldenberg, L. B. (2021) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x21990620 · Cited by 46
“2Criticisms of analytical techniques cite misconceptions around hypothesis testing and p values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodThere is life beyond the statistical significance
Ciapponi, A., Belizán, J. M., Piaggio, G. G., & Yaya, S. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01131-w · Cited by 36
“There are many frequentist and Bayesian tools to provide a significance level [5], but the P-value should be interpreted in the light of its context of sample size and meaningful effect size.”
BackgroundAmplified risk of compound heat stress-dry spells in Urban India
Ganguli, P. (2022) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-022-06324-y · Cited by 37
“To increase the statistical power of the test, results of the statistical significance are reported at a 10% significance level (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) throughout the manuscript.”
Cleaning Our Hazy Lens: Exploring Trends in Transmission Spectra of Warm Exoplanets
Dymont, A. H., Yu, X., Ohno, K., Zhang, X., Fortney, J. J., Thorngren, D., & Dickinson, C. B. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f40 · Cited by 32
“In this work, we adopt a threshold of p ≤ 0.01 for a statistical correlation to be significant, based on guidance from the American Statistical Association (ASA, Wasserstein & Lazar 2016).”
MethodInfluentialNew Guidelines for Null Hypothesis Significance Testing in Hypothetico-Deductive IS Research
Mertens, W., & Recker, J. (2023) · Technology, work and globalization · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38719-7_13 · Cited by 33
Shen, Y.-N., Yu, M.-X., Gao, Q., Li, Y.-Y., Huang, J.-J., Sun, C.-M., Qiao, N., Zhang, H., Wang, H., Lü, Q., et al. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007610 · Cited by 29
Luo, Y., Funada, S., Yoshida, K., Noma, H., Sahker, E., & Furukawa, T. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.05.023 · Cited by 31
Rodríguez, M. V., Gómez-Silva, M. J., Vera, V., López-González, C. I., Aliaga, I. J., Gascó, E., Vera, V., Pedrera-Canal, M., Besada-Portas, E., & Pájares, G. (2023) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-023-00880-3 · Cited by 34
Hedges, L. V. (2024) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131644241278928 · Cited by 33
“Professional societies, such as the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) and the American Psychological Association (Wilkinson & The Task Force on Statistical Inference, 1999), have issued statements emphasizing the importance of effect size measures in the interpretation of…”
Misinterpretations of the ‘p value’: a brief primer for academic sports medicine
Stovitz, S. D., Verhagen, E. A. L. M., & Shrier, I. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097072 · Cited by 31
Alcohol and dietary factors associate with gut integrity and inflammation in HIV ‐infected adults
Webel, A. R., Sattar, A., Funderburg, N., Kinley, B., Longenecker, C. T., Labbato, D. E., Alam, S. K., & McComsey, G. (2016) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12442 · Cited by 31
Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people
Aguilar, C., & Castet, É. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174910 · Cited by 31
“To complement this approach [53–55], we also calculated confidence intervals for the fixed-effects estimates [49].”
MethodReproducibility crisis in science or unrealistic expectations?
França, T. F. A., & Monserrat, J. M. (2018) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201846008 · Cited by 34
Freiwald, J., Hoppe, M., Beermann, W., Krajewski, J., & Baumgart, C. (2018) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.06.008 · Cited by 31
Łukaszyk, E., Bień‐Barkowska, K., & Bień, B. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10081104 · Cited by 33
Mandalari, A. M., Lutu, A., Custura, A., Khatouni, A. S., Alay, Ö., Bagnulo, M., Bajpai, V. K., Brunström, A., Ott, J., Mellia, M., et al. (2018) · ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom) · doi:10.1145/3241539.3241577 · Cited by 30
Disentangling phonological and articulatory processing: A neuroanatomical study in aphasia
Ripamonti, E., Frustaci, M., Zonca, G., Aggujaro, S., Molteni, F., & Luzzatti, C. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.10.015 · Cited by 34
“This is a Bayesian procedure, which could be recommended to supplement p-values following the recent guidelines of the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Hart, R. J., Doherty, D. A., Mori, T. A., Adams, L. A., Huang, R. C., Minaee, N. S., Handelsman, D. J., McLachlan, R. I., Norman, R. J., Dickinson, J. E., et al. (2018) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dey371 · Cited by 30
“No adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing were made in this exploratory 250 study (38, 39).”
MethodPeters, G.-J., & Crutzen, R. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1757098 · Cited by 32
Analysis of variance in soil research: Examining the assumptions
Webster, R., & Lark, R. M. (2019) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12804 · Cited by 31
“That would be a serious abuse of statistical method known as P-hacking (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodBlending Bayesian and Classical Tools to Define Optimal Sample-Size-Dependent Significance Levels
Gannon, M. A., Pereira, C. A. D. B., & Polpo, A. (2019) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1518268 · Cited by 32
“The controversy over the use of p-values has been so great that the American Statistical Association issued an official statement on p-values: Wasserstein and Lazar (2016).”
MethodBANOVA: Bayesian Analysis of Experiments in Consumer Psychology
Wedel, M., & Chen, D. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1111 · Cited by 33
“It has been argued that it should therefore be supplemented or replaced with statistical measures of evidence, in particular the likelihood ratio (Nuzzo, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMITRE: inferring features from microbiota time-series data linked to host status
Bogart, E., Creswell, R., & Gerber, G. K. (2019) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1788-y · Cited by 30
Levy, A. R., Xing, S., Brunelli, S. M., Cooper, K., Finkelstein, F. O., Germain, M. J., Kimel, M., Platt, R. W., & Belozeroff, V. (2019) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.07.013 · Cited by 31
A ground motion model for volcanic areas in Italy
Lanzano, G., & Luzi, L. (2019) · Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10518-019-00735-9 · Cited by 31
Causal Inference in Introductory Statistics Courses
Cummiskey, K., Adams, B. E., Pleuss, J. D., Turner, D. S., Clark, N., & Watts, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Statistics Education · doi:10.1080/10691898.2020.1713936 · Cited by 37
“For example, this activity could demonstrate the importance of full reporting and transparency, a point recently emphasized by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), by having students fit several models for smoking and lung capacity adjusting for different variables and discussing the ethi…”
BackgroundCycled Phototherapy Dose-Finding Study for Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Arnold, C., Tyson, J. E., Pedroza, C., et al. (2020) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0559 · Cited by 31
Czortek, P., Orczewska, A., & Dyderski, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12983 · Cited by 32
Fernández‐Río, J., Estrada, J. A. C., Mendez‐Giménez, A., & Carriedo, A. (2021) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2021.1877328 · Cited by 32
“%) for categorical variables, significance was set at p≤ .05, following ASA recommendations (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), and the effect size was also obtained (Acion et al., 2006).”
MethodKim, J. H., Megquier, K., Thomas, R. J., Sarver, A. L., Song, J. M., Kim, Y. T., Cheng, N., Schulte, A. J., Linden, M. A., Murugan, P. J., et al. (2021) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0937 · Cited by 29
Thep-value Statement, Five Years On
Matthews, R. (2021) · Significance · doi:10.1111/1740-9713.01505 · Cited by 40
Simić, M., Harmer, A. R., Agaliotis, M., Nairn, L., Bridgett, L., MARCH, L. M., Votrubec, M., Edmonds, J. P., Woodward, M., Day, R. O., et al. (2021) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-021-02540-9 · Cited by 34
Chang, W., Chou, W., Waits, A., Liao, K., Kuo, P., & Huang, P. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106657 · Cited by 31
An empirical model for the vertical‐to‐horizontal spectral ratios for Italy
Ramadan, F., Smerzini, C., Lanzano, G., et al. (2021) · Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics · doi:10.1002/eqe.3548 · Cited by 31
Elkins, M. R., Pinto, R. Z., Verhagen, A. P., et al. (2021) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2021.12.001 · Cited by 31
Liu, P. L., Ao, S. H., Zhao, X., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2022.2059801 · Cited by 31
“Information scanning, however, was statistically unacknowledged (p ≥ .05, see Editorial, 2019; Liu et al., 2021; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016 for recommendations and practices regarding statistical significance .s. acknowledgment).”
BackgroundNandorfy, D. E., Watson, F. T., Likos, D., Siebert, T. E., Bindon, K. A., Kassara, S., Shellie, R. A., Keast, R., & Francis, I. L. (2022) · Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research · doi:10.1111/ajgw.12564 · Cited by 35
DNA hypomethylation of the host tree impairs interaction with mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungus
Vigneaud, J., Kohler, A., Sow, M. D., Delaunay, A., Fauchery, L., Guinet, F., Daviaud, C., Barry, K., Keymanesh, K., Johnson, J., et al. (2023) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.18734 · Cited by 31
A Meta‐analysis of the effects of ground‐based extraction technologies on fine roots in forest soils
Latterini, F., Dyderski, M. K., Horodecki, P., Rawlik, M., Stefanoni, W., Högbom, L., Venanzi, R., Picchio, R., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2023) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.4902 · Cited by 31
“However, this difference results from smaller sample size, affecting p-values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundRaimondo, S., & Forbes, V. E. (2022) · Ecologies · doi:10.3390/ecologies3020012 · Cited by 30
Brugere, L., Kwon, Y., Frazier, A. E., & Kedron, P. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120972 · Cited by 31
Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) of Effect Sizes other than Mean Difference
Horita, N., Yamamoto, S., Mizuki, Y., Kawagoe, T., Mihara, T., & Yamashiro, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Question · doi:10.69854/jcq.2024.0016 · Cited by 31
Aho, K. A., Derryberry, D. R., & Peterson, T. S. (2016) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12648 · Cited by 30
“…H0 will always equate to a straw man hypothesis that must give way under increasing sample size, and (ii) a correct significant result can be the by-product of a trivial (biologically meaningless) effect size (Oakes 1986; Royall 1997; Johnson 1999; Trafimow & Marks 2015; Wasserstein & Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundTesting Point Null Hypothesis of a Normal Mean and the Truth: 21st Century Perspective
Rao, C. R., & Lovrić, M. (2016) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1478001660 · Cited by 30
Daboul, A., Schwahn, C., Low, R., Kiliaridis, S., Kocher, T., Klinke, T. U., Mündt, T., Mourad, S. I., Völzke, H., Habes, M., et al. (2018) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1029-1 · Cited by 30
“Because of the American Statistical Association statement against over-reliance on P values (23) and given our large sample size, we primarily estimated, figured, and interpreted the size of an effect (24); P values were interpreted cautiously but were needed, i.e. for chunk or multiple degree of…”
Why science’s crisis should not become a political battling ground
Saltelli, A. (2018) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2018.07.006 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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