The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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- Leek, J. (2014), “On the Scalability of Statistical Procedures: Why the p-Value Bashers Just Don't Get It,” Simply Statistics Blog, Available at http://simplystatistics.org/2014/02/14/on-the-scalability-of-statistical-procedures-why-the-p-value-bashers-just-dont-get-it/.
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“These precepts are repeated (twice) in the ASA Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values.”
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The Comprehensive Primary Care Plus Model and Health Care Spending, Service Use, and Quality
Singh, P., Fu, N., Dale, S., Orzol, S., Laird, J., Markovitz, A., Shin, E., O’Malley, A. S., McCall, N., & Day, T. J. (2024) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.24712 · Cited by 27
Borschmann, R., Molyneaux, E., Spry, E., Moran, P., Howard, L. M., Macdonald, J. A., Brown, S. J., Moreno-Betancur, M., Olsson, C. A., & Patton, G. C. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003689 · Cited by 25
“We present full p values throughout and do not interpret findings in a dichotomous manner, in line with recent recommendations by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
ResultCan “Focused Deterrence” Produce More Effective Ethics Codes? An Experimental Study
Rorie, M. L., & West, M. P. (2020) · Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime · doi:10.1177/2631309x20940664 · Cited by 27
Significance-based decision tree for interpretable categorical data clustering
Hu, L., Jiang, M., Liu, X., & He, Z. (2024) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2024.121588 · Cited by 27
Enhancing cognitive metrics in supply chain management through information and knowledge exchange
Żywiołek, J., Mathiyazhagan, K., Shahzad, U., Zhao, X., & Saikouk, T. (2025) · The International Journal of Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijlm-04-2024-0243 · Cited by 30
Prompt engineering for accurate statistical reasoning with large language models in medical research
Vilakati, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1658316 · Cited by 30
Fancourt, H. S. M., & Stephan, C. N. (2018) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.008 · Cited by 27
Confidence Intervals for Bias and Size Distortion in IV and Local Projections-IV Models
Ganics, G., Inoue, A., & Rossi, B. (2019) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/07350015.2019.1660175 · Cited by 26
“From a methodological perspective, confidence intervals and other statistics reflecting sampling uncertainty provide additional information relative to p -values, as recently urged by the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) and also demanded by the economics community (e.g., the American Econom…”
Trafimow, D. (2019) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2019.1610592 · Cited by 26
“Let us commence with that which is not controversial; namely, the ASA characterization of a p-value (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 131): ‘Informally, a p-value is the probability under a specified statistical model that a statistical summary of the data (e.g. the sample mean difference between two…”
BackgroundHodgkinson, A., Abbott, J., Hurley, M. A., Lowe, N. M., & Qualter, P. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7595-2 · Cited by 25
Devadas, D., Moore, T. A., Walji, N., & Young, E. W. K. (2019) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.5123912 · Cited by 25
Identifying mechanisms shaping lichen functional diversity in a primeval forest
Lubek, A., Kukwa, M., Jaroszewicz, B., & Czortek, P. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118434 · Cited by 25
Statistical study of vacancy diffusion in TiC and TaC
Tang, X., Salehin, R., Thompson, G. B., et al. (2020) · Physical Review Materials · doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.4.093602 · Cited by 26
Harlow, A. F., Fetterman, J., Ross, C. S., Robertson, R., Bhatnagar, A., Benjamin, E., & Stokes, A. (2021) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055999 · Cited by 21
Familiarity with Mission and Vision: Impact on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction
Dobrinić, D., & Fabac, R. (2021) · Business Systems Research Journal · doi:10.2478/bsrj-2021-0009 · Cited by 26
“According to Wasserstein and Lazar (2016) “… the widespread use of statistical significance, generally interpreted as p ≤ 0.05, as a license for making a claim of a scientific - leads to considerable distortion of the scientific process.””
BackgroundInfluentialIndividual and Temporal Variation in Use of Residential Areas by Urban Coyotes
Thompson, C. A., Malcolm, J. R., & Patterson, B. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.687504 · Cited by 31
Bisht, L. S., & Tiwari, G. (2021) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105606 · Cited by 26
van Zwet, E. W., & Goodman, S. N. (2022) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9406 · Cited by 25
Agley, J. D., Xiao, Y., Eldridge, L. A., Meyerson, B. E., & Golzarri‐Arroyo, L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13298-3 · Cited by 26
“Significance testing was two-sided and at the 5% significance level, though meeting such a criterion was not taken as a definitive indicator of the importance of any given finding [42].”
BackgroundIncome Inequality and Population Health: Examining the Role of Social Policy
McFarland, M. J., Hill, T. D., & Montez, J. K. (2022) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465221109202 · Cited by 26
“In the tables and text, we provide coefficients, their uncertainty (standard errors or confidence intervals), and p value thresholds up to .10 to improve transparency and reproducibility of our results (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Resultde Prado, M. L. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009397315 · Cited by 29
Kapate, N., Liao, R., Sodemann, R. L., Stinson, T., Prakash, S., Kumbhojkar, N., Suja, V. C., Wang, L., Flanz, M., Rajeev, R., et al. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad434 · Cited by 26
“Because of the variability intrinsic to large animal, outbred species, and of the porcine cortical impact model in this study, * P 0.1 was considered significant for in vivo assessments (53): backpack counts, lesion analysis, and serum/CSF biomarker concentrations.”
MethodInfluentialTrella, K. J., Li, J., Stylianou, E., Wang, V. M., Frank, J. M., Galante, J. O., Sandy, J. D., Plaas, A., & Wysocki, R. (2016) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.23393 · Cited by 26
van Ravenzwaaij, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173184 · Cited by 23
Hitchman, S. M., Mather, M. E., Smith, J. M., & Fencl, J. S. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.272 · Cited by 26
Foschi, F. G., Bedogni, G., Domenicali, M., Giacomoni, P., Dall’Aglio, A. C., Dazzani, F., Lanzi, A., Conti, F., Savini, S., Saini, G., et al. (2018) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-018-0906-8 · Cited by 25
Idborg, H., Zandian, A., Ossipova, E., Wigren, E., Preger, C., Mobarrez, F., Checa, A., Sohrabian, A., Pucholt, P., Sandling, J. K., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01029 · Cited by 26
Kamper, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.0704 · Cited by 26
Carneiro, C. F. D., Queiroz, V. G. S., Moulin, T. C., de Carvalho, C. A. M., Haas, C. B., Rayêe, D., Henshall, D. E., De‐Souza, E. A., Amorim, F. E., Boos, F. Z., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/581892 · Cited by 28
Regionalization of surface-water statistics using multiple linear regression
Farmer, W. H., Kiang, J. E., Feaster, T. D., et al. (2019) · Techniques and methods · doi:10.3133/tm4a12 · Cited by 26
Application of the hierarchical bootstrap to multi-level data in neuroscience
Saravanan, V., Berman, G. J., & Sober, S. J. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.07797 · Cited by 26
Wages, N. A., Horton, B. J., Conaway, M. R., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106517 · Cited by 25
Guo, T., Tian, S., Xin, H., Du, J., Cao, X., Feng, B., He, Y., He, Y., Wang, D., Zhang, B., et al. (2024) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2024.2302852 · Cited by 25
Characteristics of Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths on Shared and Nonshared Sleep Surfaces
Lambert, A. B. E., Shapiro‐Mendoza, C. K., Parks, S. E., Cottengim, C. R., Faulkner, M., & Hauck, F. R. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-061984 · Cited by 26
Kroupin, I., Davis, H. E., & Henrich, J. (2024) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000480 · Cited by 39
Dusen, B. V., Cian, H., Nissen, J., Arellano, L., & Woods, A. D. (2024) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/00380407241254092 · Cited by 33
“The term ‘‘meaningful’’ is crucial here because reliance on statistical significance for model selection can overlook educationally relevant differences (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016) and yield misleading outcomes (Van Dusen and Nissen 2022).”
Comparative Effectiveness of Individual Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
Shin, H., Paik, J. M., Everett, B. M., DiCesare, E., ALIX, C., Glynn, R. J., Wexler, D. J., & Patorno, E. (2025) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.7357 · Cited by 27
Árcega-Cabrera, F., & Fargher, L. F. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.209 · Cited by 25
“(Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016:9).”
MethodInfluentialKarpen, S. C. (2017) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe6570 · Cited by 25
Rydberg, J., McGarrell, E. F., Norris, A., & Circo, G. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-018-9324-8 · Cited by 24
“…applying survey methods to the present case, providing an intuitive means to describe the compatibility of the observed effects with the null hypothesis (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), and reducing to classical inference as if the intervention has been randomized (Abadie et al. 2015; Rosenbaum 2005).”
MethodMonden, R., Roest, A. M., van Ravenzwaaij, D., Wagenmakers, E., Morey, R. D., Wardenaar, K. J., & de Jonge, P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.040 · Cited by 24
Experimental concepts for testing probabilistic earthquake forecasting and seismic hazard models
Marzocchi, W., & Jordan, T. H. (2018) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1093/gji/ggy276 · Cited by 27
The Effect of Pre-Analytical Conditions on Blood Metabolomics in Epidemiological Studies
Ferreira, D. L. S., Maple, H. J., Goodwin, M., Brand, J. S., Yip, V., Min, J. L., Groom, A., Lawlor, D. A., & Ring, S. M. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9040064 · Cited by 25
Sample size calculations for diagnostic studies
Leeflang, M., & Allerberger, F. J. (2019) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.011 · Cited by 25
Incidence and risk factors of non–device-associated pneumonia in an acute-care hospital
Strassle, P. D., Sickbert-Bennett, E. E., Klompas, M., Lund, J. L., Stewart, P. W., Marx, A. H., DiBiase, L., & Weber, D. J. (2019) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2019.300 · Cited by 29
Liao, J., Midya, V., & Berg, A. S. (2019) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2019.1701550 · Cited by 25
“The limitation of the frequentist hypothesis testing is well documented (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundEhlen, F., Roepke, S., Klostermann, F., Baskow, I., Geise, P., Belica, C., Tiedt, H. O., & Behnia, B. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04457-9 · Cited by 29
“We therefore report p values obtained from the single statistical evaluations along with measures of effect sizes (cf. Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodChanges in quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion following different degrees of cold-water immersion
Mawhinney, C., HEINONEN, I. H. A., Low, D. A., Han, C., Jones, H., Kalliokoski, K. K., Kirjavainen, A. K., Kemppainen, J., Salvo, V. D., Weston, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2019 · Cited by 26
Locke, M. A., Lizotte, R. E., Yasarer, L. M. W., et al. (2020) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.75.3.278 · Cited by 25
Computer-Based and Paper-and-Pencil Tests: A Study in Calculus for STEM Majors
Smolinsky, L., Marx, B. D., Ólafsson, G., & Yanxia, A. (2020) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633120930235 · Cited by 29
“While many of the p-values are somewhat high, there is an overall consistency to the results (in both methods A and B) that favors PPT even though results do not surpass a bright-line rule of p 0.05 (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
InfluentialPark, J., Kim, Y. J., & Lee, B. K. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10103623 · Cited by 25
Wallace, D. M., Larson, M. J., Somers, L. J., Padilla, K. E. L., & Mays, R. D. (2020) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-020-00144-6 · Cited by 25
Agley, J. D., Jun, M. C., Eldridge, L. A., Agley, D., Xiao, Y., Sussman, S. Y., Golzarri‐Arroyo, L., Dickinson, S., Jayawardene, W. P., & Gassman, R. A. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/25860 · Cited by 29
“Instead, we provided the full dataset and analytic code, and interpreted the output based on a combination of effect size, clinical significance, standard errors, and significance [36].”
Household low pile carpet usage was associated with increased serum PFAS concentrations in 2005–2006
Zhu, Y., Ro, A. E., & Bartell, S. M. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110758 · Cited by 25
How do invasive trees impact shrub layer diversity and productivity in temperate forests?
Dyderski, M. K., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2021) · Annals of Forest Science · doi:10.1007/s13595-021-01033-8 · Cited by 25
Self-reported health in the vicinity of five wind power production areas in Finland
Turunen, A. W., Tiittanen, P., Yli‐Tuomi, T., et al. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106419 · Cited by 25
Rowe, S. M., Godden, S., Royster, E., Timmerman, J. A., & Boyle, M. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19288 · Cited by 25
“We encourage readers to avoid assuming that “sta-tistically significant” associations identified in this exploratory study are irrefutable evidence of a true causal relationship (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundPetersen, K. S., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., McCabe, G. P., Raman, G., Miller, J. W., & Maki, K. C. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab045 · Cited by 26
“05 if the sample size is small or measurements are imprecise (8, 9).”
BackgroundNelson, A. E., Hu, D. G., Arbeeva, L. S., et al. (2021) · ACR Open Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/acr2.11295 · Cited by 25
“provided CIs to reflect precision (15) and to allow for the assessment of the degree of their overlap.”
BackgroundSpahr, K. M., Smith, J. M., McCray, J. E., & Hogue, T. S. (2021) · Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment · doi:10.1061/jswbay.0000963 · Cited by 26
Promoting Athlete Mental Health: The Role of Emotion Regulation
Bird, G. A., Quinton, M. L., & Cumming, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2021-0022 · Cited by 25
Statistical Fragility of Surgical Clinical Trials in Orthopaedic Trauma
Forrester, L. A., McCormick, K. L., Bonsignore-Opp, L., et al. (2021) · JAAOS Global Research and Reviews · doi:10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-20-00197 · Cited by 25
Warren, C., Hobin, E. P., Manuel, D. G., Anderson, L. N., Hammond, D. G., Jessri, M., Arcand, J., L’Abbé, M. R., Li, Y., Rosella, L. C., et al. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00602-8 · Cited by 25
“Low sample sizes across SEP groups likely resulted in insufficient power to detect significant associations, particularly in children/adolescents; however, sole reliance on statistical significance for interpretations in epidemiology is incomplete (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundBoechat, J. S., Oliveira, M. M. E., Gremião, I. D. F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8070749 · Cited by 25
“to the sampl size, 95% confidence interval for proportions were provided and 10-percentage point differences between gro ps re also indicated because of the criticism of the exclusive use of p-values in decision making [41].”
BackgroundInfluentialPerceived multiple stressor effects depend on sample size and stressor gradient length
Mack, L., de la Hoz, C. F., Penk, M. R., Piggott, J. J., Crowe, T. P., Hering, D., Kaijser, W., Aroviita, J., Baer, J., Borja, Á., et al. (2022) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.119260 · Cited by 25
Launching criteria of ‘Heatstroke Alert’ in Japan according to regionality and age group
Oka, K., Honda, Y., & Hijioka, Y. (2022) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/acac03 · Cited by 25
The Limitations of Periapical X-ray Assessment in Endodontic Diagnosis—A Systematic Review
Gliga, A., Imre, M. M., Grandini, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12144647 · Cited by 25
“However, no single index should replace the logic behind scientific research [103].”
BackgroundEducational Attainment and Gestational Weight Gain among U.S. Mothers
Cohen, A. K., Kazi, C., Headen, I. E., Rehkopf, D. H., Hendrick, C. E., Patil, D., & Abrams, B. F. (2016) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2016.05.009 · Cited by 25
Mathot, K. J., Olsen, A.-L., Mutzel, A., Araya-Ajoy, Y., Nicolaus, M., Westneat, D., Wright, J., Kempenaers, B., & Dingemanse, N. (2017) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arx083 · Cited by 23
Vieira, A. R., Silva, M. B., Souza, K. K. A., Filho, A. V. A., Rosenblatt, A., & Modesto, A. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00186 · Cited by 25
Means and standard deviations, or locations and scales? That is the question!
Trafimow, D., Wang, T., & Wang, C. (2018) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.03.001 · Cited by 25
Context of maternal intrusiveness during infancy and associations with preschool executive function
Broomell, A. P. R., Smith, C. L., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2162 · Cited by 26
“As in all null hypothesis testing, there is the possibility of a false positive result, and caution is warranted in the interpretation and application of our findings (Betensky, 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
ResultMcGovern, C. M., Arcoleo, K. J., & Melnyk, B. M. (2019) · School Psychology · doi:10.1037/spq0000310 · Cited by 25
“Because of this, we set the p value at .10 instead of the usual .05 (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodKilburn, T. R., Sørensen, M. J., Thastum, M., Rapee, R. M., Rask, C. U., Arendt, K. B., Carlsen, A. H., & Thomsen, P. H. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04471-x · Cited by 25
Irvine, L. M., Palacios, D. M., Lagerquist, B. A., & Mate, B. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00338 · Cited by 26
Boelaert, J., & Ollion, É. (2018) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.3917/rfs.593.0475 · Cited by 25
Masse, J., Prescott, C. E., Müller, C., & Grayston, S. J. (2016) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.007 · Cited by 25
Mahadev, A., Kallogjeri, D., & Piccirillo, J. F. (2023) · American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy · doi:10.1177/19458924231218037 · Cited by 24
“10,17,18 Among the many problems with using P values to report results from clinical studies, P values do not convey whether the observed differences are clinically meaningful.”
BackgroundAlternatives to the P value: connotations of significance
In, J., & Lee, D. K. (2024) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kja.23630 · Cited by 32
“Although the widely accepted significance level of 5% for the P value is an indicator of statistical significance, it does not constitute evidence of clinical relevance [1].”
BackgroundBayesian Analytical Methods in Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Why, When, and How
Heuts, S., Kawczynski, M. J., Sayed, A., Urbut, S., Albuquerque, A. M., Mandrola, J. M., Kaul, S., Harrell, F. E., Gabrio, A., & Brophy, J. M. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2024.11.002 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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