The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
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Megafu, M. N., & Megafu, E. C. (2022) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2022.07.017 · Cited by 30
Huggins, J. E., Guger, C., Ziat, M., Zander, T. O., Taylor, D., Tangermann, M., Soria‐Frisch, A., Simeral, J. D., Scherer, R., Rupp, R., et al. (2017) · Brain-Computer Interfaces · doi:10.1080/2326263x.2016.1275488 · Cited by 32
Bayesian Energy Measurement and Verification Analysis
Carstens, H., Xia, X., & Yadavalli, V. S. S. (2018) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en11020380 · Cited by 30
“Because of the confusion surrounding this statistic, the American Statistical Association issued a statement regarding its use [12], in which they state that p-values neither signify probabilities of the hypothesis being true or false, nor are they probabilities that the result arose by chance.”
BackgroundPoduval, S., Ahmed, S., Marston, L., Hamilton, F. L., & Murray, E. (2018) · JMIR Diabetes · doi:10.2196/10925 · Cited by 30
“fact that a P value by itself provides limited information [52].”
BackgroundLevin, J. R., Kratochwill, T. R., & Ferron, J. M. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.558 · Cited by 30
Back to their roots: French MPs in their district
Costa, O., & Poyet, C. (2016) · French Politics · doi:10.1057/s41253-016-0014-5 · Cited by 29
Determinants of Writing Style on the United States Circuit Courts of Appeals
Budziak, J., Hitt, M. P., & Lempert, D. B. (2018) · Journal of Law and Courts · doi:10.1086/701128 · Cited by 29
Meeker, T. J., Schmid, A., Keaser, M. L., Khan, S. A., Gullapalli, R. P., Dorsey, S. G., Greenspan, J. D., & Seminowicz, D. A. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119278 · Cited by 34
“It should be noted the guidelines ‘significance’ of p-values, are arbitrary and participant to test assumptions, sample size, context, and practical effect interpretation (Fisher, 1948; Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Formánek, T., Krupchanka, D., Mladá, K., Winkler, P., & Jones, P. B. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00335-2 · Cited by 30
Choi, I., & Kim, W. C. (2024) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103252 · Cited by 30
Connor, D. S. (2017) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2016.1261682 · Cited by 29
Dyderski, M. K., Tyborski, J., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2017) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.06.016 · Cited by 29
A prediction-based alternative to P values in regression models
Lü, M., & Ishwaran, H. (2017) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.08.056 · Cited by 30
Proximal tibial trabecular bone mineral density is related to pain in patients with osteoarthritis
Burnett, W. D., Kontulainen, S. A., McLennan, C. E., et al. (2017) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1415-9 · Cited by 29
Formal Research Experiences for First Year Students
Stout, J. G., Tamer, B., & Alvarado, C. (2018) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3159450.3159472 · Cited by 29
“…the simple slopes for underrepresented versus majority students: the slope for the relationship between mentor support and sense of 7 See [32] for the American Statistical Association’s recent discussion on why scientists ought not rely solely on whether a p value exceeds an arbitrary…”
BackgroundRoychoudhury, S., Scheuer, N., & Neuenschwander, B. E. (2018) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774518770661 · Cited by 29
“However, statistical significance alone may not suffice if the trial does not deliver a clinically relevant effect estimate.(1) We discuss a simple dual-criterion design that formally combines a statistical (significance) and a clinical (effect size estimate) criterion.”
BackgroundSystems Biology Understanding of the Effects of Lithium on Cancer
Ge, W., & Jakobsson, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00296 · Cited by 29
“Our methods and results should be considered in the context of the publication from the American Statistical Association, “The ASA’s Statement on pvalues: Context, Process, and Purpose” (44) In particular the statement notes “P-values and related analyses should not be reported selectively.”
MethodWoziwoda, B., Dyderski, M. K., Kobus, S., Parzych, A. E., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2019) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117473 · Cited by 31
Nitrogen Status and Dynamics in German Forest Soils
Fleck, S., Eickenscheidt, N., Ahrends, B., et al. (2019) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15734-0_5 · Cited by 29
Guo, Y. P., Lu, Y., & Jin, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63909-5 · Cited by 29
bmd : an R package for benchmark dose estimation
Jensen, S. M., Kluxen, F. M., Streibig, J. C., Nina Cedergreen, G., & Ritz, C. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10557 · Cited by 28
Curry, A. E., Metzger, K. B., Carey, M. E., Sartin, E. B., Huang, P., & Yerys, B. E. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.01.001 · Cited by 30
Berman, Y. E., Doherty, D. A., Main, K. M., Frederiksen, H. W., Hickey, M., Keelan, J. A., Newnham, J. P., & Hart, R. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094725 · Cited by 28
A current guide to candidate gene association studies
David, S. (2021) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.009 · Cited by 29
Hemming, K., Javid, I., & Taljaard, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.01.014 · Cited by 29
Sample Size Determination for Bayesian Hierarchical Models Commonly Used in Psycholinguistics
Vasishth, S., Yadav, H., Schad, D. J., & Nicenboim, B. (2022) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-021-00125-y · Cited by 28
“As statisticians have repeatedly pointed out (e.g., Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; McShane et al., 2019), the goal certainly should not be quick binary conclusions based on oversimplified models.”
BackgroundCox, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application · doi:10.1146/annurev-statistics-031219-041051 · Cited by 30
Antipsychotic Drug Development: From Historical Evidence to Fresh Perspectives
Weston–Green, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.903156 · Cited by 36
“The authors suggest that asking the question of howmuch of an effect is present, rather than “is there an effect,” is more appropriate than the yes or no approach of P values, that often cannot be replicated (80, 81).”
BackgroundChen, G., Taylor, P. A., Stoddard, J., Cox, R. W., Bandettini, P. A., & Pessoa, L. (2022) · Aperture Neuro · doi:10.52294/apertureneuro.2022.2.zrji8542 · Cited by 29
Shi, J. L., Mojica, E. S., Moverman, M. A., Pagani, N. R., Puzzitiello, R. N., Menendez, M. E., Salzler, M. J., Gordon, M. R., & Bono, J. V. (2022) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.22.00311 · Cited by 29
“Inclusion criteria were (1) an RCT design, (2) mean follow-up of >8 years, and (3) implant survivorship with a binary end point of revision as an outcome.”
BackgroundSample size for clinical trials
Billings, M., Mitnik, G. L., & Dye, B. (2016) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.12611 · Cited by 29
Walicke, P. A., Abosch, A., Asher, A. L., Barker, F. G., Ghogawala, Z., Harbaugh, R., Jehi, L. E., Kestle, J., Koroshetz, W. J., Little, R. J. A., et al. (2017) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neuros/nyw133 · Cited by 29
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and p Values
Travers, J. C., Cook, B. G., & Cook, L. (2017) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/ldrp.12147 · Cited by 29
Pre-Registration in Social Psychology—a Discussion and Suggested TemplatePreprint
Veer, A. V. '., & Giner‐Sorolla, R. (2016) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4frms · Cited by 31
Acosta, M., Riley, S., Bonilla-Findji, O., Martínez-Barón, D., Howland, F., Huyer, S., Castellanos, A., Martínez, J. D., & Chanana, N. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131910951 · Cited by 27
“In keeping with recent recommendations from the American Statistical Association [56,57], the presentation, interpretation and discussion of the results aims to avoid giving undue weight to p-values, both by eschewing binary distinctions between statistically significant and non-significant results and by considering…”
BackgroundThe identification of gifted underachievement: Validity evidence for the commonly used methods
Jackson, R. L., & Jung, J. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12492 · Cited by 22
“While theMcNemar test did indicate that the difference in the proportions of gifted underachievement identified between the simple difference method and the criterion value estimates was statistically significant, this may not be of practical significance (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
ResultChoi, S. (2023) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x231189196 · Cited by 29
Gikandi, A., Hallet, J. I., Koerkamp, B. G., Clark, C. J., Lillemoe, K. D., Narayan, R. R., Mamon, H. J., Zenati, M. A., Wasif, N., Safran, D. G., et al. (2024) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006250 · Cited by 32
“3,49 One limitation of using standardized differences is that it cannot be used for survival outcomes, which are the majority of randomized controlled trials in oncology unless an arbitrary point on the survival curve is selected.”
BackgroundUniversal Free School Meals Policy and Childhood Obesity
Localio, A. M., Knox, M. A., Basu, A., Lindman, T., Walkinshaw, L. P., & Jones‐Smith, J. C. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-063749 · Cited by 32
The Gender Gap in Economic and Financial Literacy: A Review and Research Agenda
Haag, L., & Brahm, T. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70031 · Cited by 45
Liu, S., Chen, Y.-X., Yang, D., & Zhao, C. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-02-2024-0138 · Cited by 30
Kotalik, C. J., Hubbard, L. E., Perrotta, B. G., Walters, D., Kolpin, D. W., Gray, J. L., Zachritz, A. M., Kraus, J. M., Givens, C. E., Lamberti, G. A., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c04867 · Cited by 32
Stephan, C. N., Preisler, R., Bulut, Ö., & Bennett, M. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23029 · Cited by 29
How to attribute causality in quality improvement: lessons from epidemiology
Poots, A. J., Reed, J. E., Woodcock, T. M., Bell, D., & Goldmann, D. A. (2017) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2017-006756 · Cited by 28
Teaching Stats for Data Science
Kaplan, D. T. (2017) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2017.1398107 · Cited by 29
To P or Not to P: Backing Bayesian Statistics
Buchinsky, F. J., & Chadha, N. K. (2017) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599817739260 · Cited by 28
“the misuse of P values.(5) A smaller P value does not mean a larger effect of whatever is investigated, nor does a P value measure the importance of a result.”
BackgroundCremen, G., & Baker, J. W. (2018) · Earthquake Spectra · doi:10.1193/031618eqs061m · Cited by 28
“We acknowledge that p-values are often misused and misinterpreted in terms of the size of an effect or importance of a result (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundEffect size: a statistical basis for clinical practice
Valladares‐Neto, J. (2018) · Revista Odonto Ciência · doi:10.15448/1980-6523.2018.1.29437 · Cited by 29
“However, the use of the P value as a statistical reference to show the effectiveness of treatments has been questioned in several publications [3, 4, 5], culminating in the 2016 American Statistical Association’s recommendation of avoiding conclusions based exclusively on P values [6].”
MethodWhat is Collaborative, Interdisciplinary Reasoning? The Heart of Interdisciplinary Team Research
Laursen, B. K. (2018) · Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline · doi:10.28945/4010 · Cited by 29
Sunde, T., Hummelen, B., Himle, J. A., Walseth, L. T., Vogel, P. A., Launes, G., Haaland, V. Ø., & Haaland, V. Ø. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2285-2 · Cited by 34
Gaudino, M. F. L., Hameed, I., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Tam, D. Y., Gerry, S., Rahouma, M., Khan, F., Angiolillo, D. J., Benedetto, U., Taggart, D. P., et al. (2019) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.119.006017 · Cited by 28
Stocker, L. J., Cagampang, F. R. A., Lu, S., Ladyman, T., & Cheong, Y. C. (2020) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14008 · Cited by 30
Henry, J., Tang, S., Mukhopadhyay, S. C., & Yap, M. H. (2020) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2020.100332 · Cited by 33
Panlilio, L., Stull, S., Bertz, J., Burgess-Hull, A., Lanza, S. T., Curtis, B. L., Phillips, K. A., Epstein, D., & Preston, K. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05782-2 · Cited by 27
Callisto, M., Linares, M. S., Kiffer, W. P., Hughes, R. M., Moretti, M. S., Macedo, D. R., & Solar, R. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7215 · Cited by 28
“As complementary analyses we also ran NMDS using Bray– Curtis distance and PERMANOVA pairwise contrasts analyses to assess the assemblage composition variation among sampling sites (Anderson, 2017; Cáceres & Legendre, 2009; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodGriffin, B. A., Schuler, M. S., Stuart, E. A., Patrick, S. W., McNeer, E. A., Smart, R., Powell, D., Stein, B. D., Schell, T. L., & Pacula, R. L. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01471-y · Cited by 35
“However, echoing repeated calls from statisticians [41] to move beyond inferences based on p-values, we strongly recommend that the field overall reduce reliance on traditional NHST, given concerns across a range of scientific areas regarding the use of often arbitrary p-value thresholds within that framework [41].”
BackgroundFuria, C. A., Torkar, R., & FELDT, R. H. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3490953 · Cited by 39
“First, it supports quantitative and nuanced analyses instead of a purely dichotomous (yes/no) view— which is prevalent with statistical hypothesis testing (a core technique of frequentist statistics that has been under intense scrutiny [71; 2]).”
BackgroundBeyond standard pipeline and p < 0.05 in pathway enrichment analyses
Li, W., Shih, A., Freudenberg‐Hua, Y., Fury, W., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107455 · Cited by 32
Awe & Memories of Learning in Science and Art Museums
Price, C. A., Greenslit, J., Applebaum, L. R., Harris, N. C., Segovia, G., Quinn, K. A., & Krogh‐Jespersen, S. (2021) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645578.2021.1907152 · Cited by 28
“In response to calls to de-emphasize the arbitrary p ¼ .05 significance threshold (McShane et al., 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), we report all p-values (to 2 decimal places) and also include a label of “traditionally significant” to any differences at the p < .05 level and still report and…”
BackgroundA Bayesian analysis of mortality outcomes in multicentre clinical trials in critical care
Sidebotham, D. A., Popovich, I., & Lumley, T. (2021) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2021.06.026 · Cited by 27
Courtenay, L. A., Herranz‐Rodrigo, D., Yravedra, J., Vázquez-Rodríguez, J. M., Huguet, R., Barja, I., Maté‐González, M. Á., Fernández, M. F., Muñoz, Á. L. F., & González‐Aguilera, D. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11082323 · Cited by 28
Rahman, W. U., Khan, A. M., Anwer, A. H., et al. (2022) · Energy Nexus · doi:10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100073 · Cited by 28
Breil, M., Weber, A., & Pinto, J. G. (2023) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023 · Cited by 29
Weaver, K. F., Morales, V., Nelson, M., Weaver, P. F., Toledo, A., & Godde, K. (2016) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.16-01-0072 · Cited by 28
“05 p value cutoffs (α) were selected in light of this evidence (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
MethodInfluentialGrabell, A. S., Olson, S. L., Tardif, T. Z., Thompson, M. C., & Gehring, W. J. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0228-7 · Cited by 32
“However, to balance risk of Type I and Type II errors (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), we also report both uncorrected p-values and effect sizes for all significant findings.”
Jang, D., & Choi, G.-W. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9111933 · Cited by 28
“196, this means it is not statistically significant [30].”
Backgroundvan Walsum, T. A., Perna, A., Bishop, C. M., Murn, C. P., Collins, P. M., Wilson, R. P., & Halsey, L. G. (2019) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.12710 · Cited by 27
“…have supplemented reporting the p values with further information following the three key recommendations of the American Statistical Association (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016), further explained in Altman and Krzywinski (2017), which enable assessment of the strength of evidence for the falsehood…”
Nagtegaal, S., Dávid, S., Snijders, T. J., Philippens, M. E. P., Leemans, A., & Verhoeff, J. J. C. (2020) · Neuro-Oncology Advances · doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdaa060 · Cited by 28
Bloomfield, R. J., Rennekamp, K. M., & Steenhoven, B. A. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3118687 · Cited by 28
Kruschke, J. K., & Liddell, T. M. (2016) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ksfyr · Cited by 29
Karl, M., Köck, F., Bauer, A., Ritchie, B. W., & Assaf, A. G. (2022) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875221109825 · Cited by 32
“As state-of-the-art statistical practice, our interpretations follow the American Statistical Association’s statement on the use of p-values (Nuzzo 2014; Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
MethodMazzinari, G., Zampieri, F. G., Ball, L., Campos, N. S., Bluth, T., Hemmes, S. N. T., Ferrando, C., Librero, J., Soro, M., Pelosi, P. P., et al. (2024) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000005170 · Cited by 28
The interplay between age at menopause and synaptic integrity on Alzheimer’s disease risk in women
Alexander, M. W., Honer, W. G., Saloner, R., Galea, L. A. M., Bennett, D. A., Rabin, J. S., & Casaletto, K. B. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt0757 · Cited by 32
“…adjust for multiple comparisons and instead focused on the biological coherence of the findings, which emphasizes the effect size, directionality, and consistency of relationships, with less emphasis on statistical significance, per recommendations of the American Statistical Association ( 70 ).”
Port, F. K., Morgenstern, H., Bieber, B. A., Karaboyas, A., McCullough, K. P., Tentori, F., Pisoni, R. L., & Robinson, B. M. (2017) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfw287 · Cited by 27
“This long-established limitation of significance testing for interpreting statistical findings was recently released as an official consensus statement by the American Statistical Association [26].”
BackgroundTasker, R. C., Vonberg, F. W., Ulano, E. D., & Akhondi‐Asl, A. (2017) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000001098 · Cited by 26
Examining publication bias—a simulation-based evaluation of statistical tests on publication bias
Schneck, A. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4115 · Cited by 29
Tips for Analyzing Large Data Sets From the JAMA Surgery Statistical Editors
Kaji, A. H., RADEMAKER, A. W., & Hyslop, T. (2018) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2018.0647 · Cited by 27
Gilleland, E., Hering, A. S., Fowler, T. L., & Brown, B. G. (2018) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/mwr-d-17-0295.1 · Cited by 27
Scientific value of econometric tourism demand studies
Gunter, U., Önder, İ., & Smeral, E. (2019) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2019.06.005 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
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