Cited by 828Environmental Justice and Health DisparitiesUrban Green Space and HealthUrban Planning and Governance

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Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland

Boone, Christopher G., Buckley, Geoffrey L., Grove, J. Morgan, Sister, Chona·2009·Annals of the Association of American Geographers

DOI 10.1080/00045600903102949

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Abstract

This article examines the distribution of parks in Baltimore, Maryland, as an environmental justice issue. In addition to established methods for measuring distribution of and access to parks, we employ a novel park service area approach that uses Thiessen polygons and dasymetric reapportioning of census data to measure potential park congestion as an equity outcome measure. We find that a higher proportion of African Americans have access to parks within walking distance, defined as 400 meters or less, than whites, but whites have access to more acreage of parks within walking distance than blacks. A needs-based assessment shows that areas with the highest need have the best access to parks but also have access to less acreage of parks compared to low-need areas. Park service areas that are predominantly black have higher park congestion than areas that are predominantly white, although differences are less apparent at the city level than at the metropolitan level. Following Iris Young and others, we argue that conceptions of justice must move beyond distributive justice and address the social and institutional mechanisms that generate inequities. For Baltimore, we examine how segregation ordinances, racial covenants, improvement associations, the Home Owners Loan Corporation, and the Parks and Recreation Board created separate black spaces historically underserved with parks. These mechanisms ultimately fueled middle-class flight and suburbanization and black inheritance of…

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“est cover is beyond the scope of this paper, but other researchers have noted that neighborhoods of lower socioeconomic status, or cities with fewer economic resources, often have less lower forest cover [103, 104].”
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Authors: Boone, C. G., Buckley, G. L., Grove, J. M., & Sister, C.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Ohio University (US)
US Forest Service (US)
ORCID: Boone, Christopher G.
Buckley, Geoffrey L.
Grove, J. Morgan
Venue: Annals of the Association of American Geographers
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2009-09-04
Volume: 99
Issue: 4
Pages: 767-787
ISSN: 0004-5608 (ISSN-L)
1467-8306
DOI: 10.1080/00045600903102949
OpenAlex: W1997617500
Semantic Scholar: ef583ed3235b3144474283accd83d738c66dde51
Cited by: 828
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 68.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annals of the Association of American Geographers (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
Keywords: environmental justice, park accessibility, urban parks, Baltimore, racial segregation, Voronoi tessellation, African Americans, walking distance, suburbanization, racist covenants, Home Owners' Loan Corporation, Iris Marion Young, distributive justice

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Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland

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