Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated a neighborhood environment survey and compared the physical activity and weight status of the residents in 2 neighborhoods. METHODS: On 2 occasions, 107 adults from neighborhoods with differing "walkability" were selected to complete a survey on their neighborhood environment. Physical activity was assessed by self-report and by accelerometer; height and weight were assessed by self-report. RESULTS: Neighborhood environment characteristics had moderate to high test-retest reliabilities. Residents of high-walkability neighborhoods reported higher residential density, land use mix, street connectivity, aesthetics, and safety. They had more than 70 more minutes of physical activity and had lower obesity prevalence (adjusted for individual demographics) than did residents of low-walkability neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS: The reliability and validity of self-reported neighborhood environment subscales were supported. Neighborhood environment was associated with physical activity and overweight prevalence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Inactivity in school-aged children and youth is linked to poorer physical, mental, social, and cognitive health, lower fitness, and lower activity later in life.
“This is alarming given that physical inactivity among school-aged children and youth has been found to be associated with adverse physical, mental, social, and cognitive health outcomes, 5,8,12,13 lower physical fitness, 14 and lower physical activity levels in later life.15”
From Global Matrix 3.0 Physical Activity Report Card Grades for Children and Youth: Results and Analysis From 49 Countries (2018) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,385 · see citing works
Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice
(1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-350_1 · Cited by 13,211 · see citing works
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526 · see citing works
An ecological perspective on health promotion programs
McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818801500401 · Cited by 8,502 · see citing works
Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190 · see citing works
Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer
FREEDSON, P. S., MELANSON, E., & SIRARD, J. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199805000-00021 · Cited by 3,825 · see citing works
A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community.
Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 3,759 · see citing works
Ecological models of health behavior.
Sallis, J. F., Owen, N. G., & Fisher, E. B. (2008) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · Cited by 3,217 · see citing works
Self-citationA simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community.
Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1969) · Cited by 2,835 · see citing works
The Continuing Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes in the United States
Mokdad, A. H. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1195 · Cited by 2,730 · see citing works
Saelens, B., Sallis, J., & Frank, L. (2003) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2502_03 · Cited by 2,510 · see citing works
Self-citationSwinburn, B., Egger, G. J., & Raza, F. (1999) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0585 · Cited by 2,271 · see citing works
The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activityA systematic review1 and 2
KAHN, E., RAMSEY, L., BROWNSON, R., HEATH, G., HOWZE, E., POWELL, K., STONE, E., RAJAB, M., & CORSO, P. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00434-8 · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works
How the built environment affects physical activity
Handy, S., Boarnet, M. G., Ewing, R., & Killingsworth, R. E. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00475-0 · Cited by 1,920 · see citing works
Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity A review
Humpel, N. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00426-3 · Cited by 1,783 · see citing works
Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places
Morland, K. B., Wing, S., Roux, A. V. D., & Poole, C. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00403-2 · Cited by 1,662 · see citing works
Giles‐Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00150-2 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Sallis, J. F., Bauman, A. E., & Pratt, M. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00076-2 · Cited by 1,194 · see citing works
Self-citationMediating variable framework in physical activity interventions
Baranowski, T., Anderson, C. B., & Carmack, C. L. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00080-4 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Validity of the computer science and applications (CSA) activity monitor in children
Trost, S. G., Ward, D. S., Moorehead, S. M., WATSON, P. D., Riner, W. F., & BURKE, J. R. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199804000-00023 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Booth, S. L., Sallis, J. F., Ritenbaugh, C., Hill, J. O., Birch, L. L., Frank, L. D., Glanz, K., Himmelgreen, D., Mudd, M., Popkin, B. M., et al. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb06983.x · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreasing physical activity: a quantitative synthesis.
Dishman, R., & Buckworth, J. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199606000-00010 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Developing a reliable audit instrument to measure the physical environment for physical activity
Pikora, T., Bull, F., Jamrozik, K. D., Knuiman, M. W., Giles‐Corti, B., & Donovan, R. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00498-1 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Commuting in Transit Versus Automobile Neighborhoods
Cervero, R., & Gorham, R. (1995) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944369508975634 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Validity of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. (CCA) activity monitor
Melanson, E. L., & Freedson, P. S. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199506000-00021 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Caloric imbalance and public health policy.
Koplan, J. P., & Dietz, W. (1999) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1579 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Brownson, R. C., Chang, J. J., Eyler, A. A., Ainsworth, B. E., Kirtland, K. A., Saelens, B. E., & Sallis, J. F. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.3.473 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationUrban Form and Pedestrian Choices: Study of Austin Neighborhoods
Handy, S. (1996) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/1552-19 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Land Use and Transportation Interaction
Frank, L. D. (2000) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/073945600128992564 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Evidence of a Structural Effect for Alcohol Outlet Density: A Multilevel Analysis
Scribner, R. A., Cohen, D. A., & Fisher, W. (2000) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04590.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Nichols, J. F., Morgan, C. G., Chabot, L., Sallis, J. F., & Calfas, K. J. (2000) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.10608878 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationOrleans, C. T. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.suppl1.76 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Field evaluation of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. physical activity monitor
Sirard, J. R., Melanson, E. L., Li, L., & Freedson, P. S. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200003000-00022 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Transport and urban form in thirty‐two of the world's principal cities
Newman, P. W. G., & Kenworthy, J. R. (1991) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441649108716787 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Chen, D. D. T. (2000) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1200-84 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Report Assessment of Walking: Effects of Aided Recall Instructions and Item Order
Johnson, M. F., Sallis, J. F., & Hovell, M. F. (2000) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee0403_1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [3]Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, et al. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22(4):73–107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [7]Sallis JF, Bauman A, Pratt M. Environmental and policy interventions to promote physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15(4):379–397. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kushi, L. H., Byers, T., Doyle, C., Bandera, E. V., McCullough, M., Gansler, T., Andrews, K. S., Thun, M. J., & The American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2006) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.56.5.254 · Cited by 1,901 · see citing works
Measuring the Built Environment for Physical Activity
Brownson, R. C., Hoehner, C. M., Day, K., Forsyth, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.005 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Built Environment and Obesity
Papas, M. A., Alberg, A. J., Ewing, R., Helzlsouer, K. J., Gary, T. L., & Klassen, A. C. (2007) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm009 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Abdeta, C., Abi Nader, P., Adeniyi, A. F., Aguilar-Farias, N., Andrade Tenesaca, D. S., Bhawra, J., Brazo-Sayavera, J., Cardon, G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2018-0472 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations.
Lovasi, G. S., Hutson, M. A., Guerra, M., & Neckerman, K. M. (2009) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxp005 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland
Boone, C. G., Buckley, G. L., Grove, J. M., & Sister, C. (2009) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045600903102949 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence
Feng, J., Glass, T. A., Curriero, F. C., Stewart, W. F., & Schwartz, B. S. (2010) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.09.008 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Heath, G. W., Brownson, R. C., Kruger, J., Miles, R., Powell, K. E., Ramsey, L. T., & _, _. (2006) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s55 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Kumanyika, S. K., Obarzanek, E., Stettler, N., Bell, R., Field, A. E., Fortmann, S. P., Franklin, B. A., Gillman, M. W., Lewis, C. E., Poston, W. C., et al. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.189702 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Potential environmental determinants of physical activity in adults: a systematic review
Wendel‐Vos, W., Droomers, M., Kremers, S., Brug, J., & Van Lenthe, F. (2007) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00370.x · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through 2050
Güneralp, B., Zhou, Y., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Gupta, M., Yu, S., Patel, P. L., Fragkias, M., Li, X., & Seto, K. C. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1606035114 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Landscape and well-being: A scoping study on the health-promoting impact of outdoor environments
Abraham, A., Sommerhalder, K., & Abel, T. (2010) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-009-0069-z · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Roemmich, J. N., Epstein, L. H., Raja, S., Yin, L., Robinson, J., & Winiewicz, D. (2006) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.07.007 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Carlson, J. A., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Kerr, J., Cain, K. L., & King, A. C. (2012) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.10.004 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Self-citationParents' perceptions of neighborhood safety and children's physical activity
Weir, L. A., Etelson, D., & Brand, D. A. (2006) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.024 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Obesity, physical activity, and the urban environment: public health research needs
Lopez, R. P., & Hynes, H. P. (2006) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-5-25 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Neighborhood Risk Factors for Obesity
Lopez, R. P. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.251 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Green Neighborhoods, Food Retail and Childhood Overweight: Differences by Population Density
Liu, G. C., Wilson, J. S., Qi, R., & Ying, J. (2007) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.317 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Effects of the Built Environment on Physical Activity of Adults Living in Rural Settings
Frost, S. S., Goins, R. T., Hunter, R. H., Hooker, S. P., Bryant, L. L., Kruger, J., & Pluto, D. (2010) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.08040532 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Does Compact Development Make People Drive Less?” The Answer Is Yes
Ewing, R., & Cervero, R. (2017) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944363.2016.1245112 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Hume, C., Timperio, A., Salmon, J., Carver, A., Giles-Corti, B., & Crawford, D. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.011 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Older people’s health, outdoor activity and supportiveness of neighbourhood environments
Sugiyama, T., & Ward Thompson, C. (2007) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.04.002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The National Children's Study: A 21-Year Prospective Study of 100 000 American Children
Landrigan, P. J., Trasande, L., Thorpe, L. E., Gwynn, C., Lioy, P. J., D'Alton, M. E., Lipkind, H. S., Swanson, J., Wadhwa, P. D., Clark, E. B., et al. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0360 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Economic interventions to promote physical activity
Pratt, M., Macera, C. A., Sallis, J. F., O'Donnell, M., & Frank, L. D. (2004) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.015 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationChow, C. K., Lock, K., Teo, K., Subramanian, S., McKee, M., & Yusuf, S. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn258 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Environmental correlates of physical activity among individuals with diabetes in the rural midwest
Deshpande, A. D., Baker, E. A., Lovegreen, S. L., & Brownson, R. C. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1012 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cleland, V. J., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.05.010 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Luby, S. P., & Halder, A. K. (2008) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02074.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Marcus, B. H., Hartman, S. J., Larsen, B. A., Pekmezi, D., Dunsiger, S. I., Linke, S., Marquez, B., Gans, K. M., Bock, B. C., Mendoza-Vasconez, A. S., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0385-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Promoting Stair Use by Modeling: An Experimental Application of the Behavioral Ecological Model
Adams, M. A., Hovell, M. F., Irvin, V., Sallis, J. F., Coleman, K. J., & Liles, S. (2006) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.2.101 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationLiao, B., Xu, Y., Li, X., & Li, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114519 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., Black, J. B., & Chen, D.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1552-1558
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC1448009
- OpenAlex
- W2148161863
- Cited by
- 1,954
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 121
- FWCI
- 148.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- San Diego State University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL67350, R01HL067350)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 60476, K23DK060476)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- neighborhood environment, physical activity, walkability, obesity, overweight, housing density, mixed land use, street connectivity, neighborhood safety, neighborhood aesthetics, scale reliability and validity, accelerometer-measured activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Automobile Driving, Body Weight, California, City Planning, Environment Design, Health Surveys, Humans, Obesity, Public Health, Research Design, Residence Characteristics, Safety, Urban Health, Exercise, Walking, Self Efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
