Combustion products of petroleum jet fuel, a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel and a biomass fatty acid methyl ester fuel for a gas turbine engine
Abstract
We report combustion emissions data for several alternatives to petroleum based Jet A jet fuel, including a natural gas–derived Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuel; a 50/50 blend of the FT synthetic fuel with Jet A-1; a 20/80 blend of a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) with jet fuel; and a 40/60 blend of FAME with jet fuel. The chief distinguishing features of the alternative fuels are reduced (for blends) or negligible (for pure fuels) aromatic content and increased oxygen content (for FAME blends). A CFM International CFM56-7 gas turbine engine was the test engine, and we measured NOX, CO, speciated volatile organic compounds (including oxygenates, olefins, and aromatic compounds), and nonvolatile particle size distribution, number, and mass emissions. We developed several new methods that account for fuel energy content and used the new methods to evaluate potential fuel effects on emissions performance. Our results are categorized as follows: (1) regulated pollutant emissions, CO, and NOX; (2) volatile organic compound emissions speciation; and (3) particle emissions. Replacing all or part of the petroleum jet fuel with either FAME or FT fuel reduces NOX emissions and may reduce CO emissions. Combustion of FT fuel and fuel blends increases selectivities and in some cases yields of oxygenates and some hydrocarbon volatile organic compound emissions relative to petroleum jet fuel. Combustion of FAME fuel increases propene and butene emissions, but despite its oxygen content does not strongly affect oxygenate emissions. Replacing petroleum jet fuel with zero aromatic alternatives decreases the emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons. The fuel effects become more pronounced as the size of the aromatic molecule increases (e.g., toluene is reduced more strongly than benzene). Particle emissions are decreased in particle size, number density, and total mass when petroleum jet fuel is replaced with the zero aromatic fuels. The effects of fuel composition on particle emissions are most pronounced at lower power conditions, i.e., when combustion temperature and pressure are lower, and less efficient mixing may lead to locally higher fuel/air ratios than are present at higher power.
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Reports have shown that use of FT-SPK displayed emissions which contained negligible quantities of sulphur, soot and aromatic content.
“Reports have shown that use of FT-SPK displayed emissions which contained negligible quantities of sulphur, soot and aromatic content [124].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [124]
Blending FT fuels leads to clear emission reductions in CO2, CO, SOx, and NOx.
“However, advancements in bio-fuel implementation are promising, with clear emission reduction in CO 2 , CO, SO x and NO x , particularly when blending FT fuels [124].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [124]
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- Authors
- Timko, M. T., Herndon, S. C., de la Rosa Blanco, E., Wood, E. C., Yu, Z., Miake-Lye, R. C., Knighton, W. B., Shafer, L., DeWitt, M. J., & Corporan, E.
- Affiliations
- Aerodyne Research (US)
- Montana State University (US)
- University of Dayton Research Institute (US)
- United States Air Force Research Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- Combustion Science and Technology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 183
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1039-1068
- ISSN
- 0010-2202 (ISSN-L)
- 1563-521X
- OpenAlex
- W2018655528
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Combustion Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Federal Aviation Administration
- U.S. Air Force
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
- Keywords
- fatty acid methyl esters, biodiesel blends, gas turbine emissions, NOx emissions, carbon monoxide emissions, volatile organic compounds, oxygenated compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate emissions, particle size distribution, fuel blends, low-temperature combustion
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