N 2 O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Abstract. The relationship, on a global basis, between the amount of N fixed by chemical, biological or atmospheric processes entering the terrestrial biosphere, and the total emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), has been re-examined, using known global atmospheric removal rates and concentration growth of N2O as a proxy for overall emissions. For both the pre-industrial period and in recent times, after taking into account the large-scale changes in synthetic N fertiliser production, we find an overall conversion factor of 3–5% from newly fixed N to N2O-N. We assume the same factor to be valid for biofuel production systems. It is covered only in part by the default conversion factor for "direct" emissions from agricultural crop lands (1%) estimated by IPCC (2006), and the default factors for the "indirect" emissions (following volatilization/deposition and leaching/runoff of N: 0.35–0.45%) cited therein. However, as we show in the paper, when additional emissions included in the IPCC methodology, e.g. those from livestock production, are included, the total may not be inconsistent with that given by our "top-down" method. When the extra N2O emission from biofuel production is calculated in "CO2-equivalent" global warming terms, and compared with the quasi-cooling effect of "saving" emissions of fossil fuel derived CO2, the outcome is that the production of commonly used biofuels, such as biodiesel from rapeseed and bioethanol from corn (maize), depending on N fertilizer uptake efficiency by the plants, can contribute as much or more to global warming by N2O emissions than cooling by fossil fuel savings. Crops with less N demand, such as grasses and woody coppice species, have more favourable climate impacts. This analysis only considers the conversion of biomass to biofuel. It does not take into account the use of fossil fuel on the farms and for fertilizer and pesticide production, but it also neglects the production of useful co-products. Both factors partially compensate each other. This needs to be analyzed in a full life cycle assessment.
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Bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance the CO2 savings of substituted fossil fuels.
“However, bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance CO 2 savings of the substituted fossil fuels.”
From Land‐use change to bioenergy production in <scp>E</scp> urope: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon (2012) · cites this paper as Crutzen et al., 2008
The Introduction and Conclusions say that N₂O emissions from fertilized biofuel crops can counteract fossil-fuel CO₂ savings and even cause net warming. The paper does not establish the claim about crop-production CO₂ and CH₄ emissions; its Conclusions say the analysis concentrates on N₂O from nitrogen fertilization. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmissions of N2O from soils and adjacent water bodies are able to turn the life cycle GHG balance of energy crops from a net sink into a net source.
“Emissions of N 2 O from soils and adjacent water bodies are able to turn the life cycle GHG balance of energy crops from a net sink into a net source (Crutzen et al., 2008;Searchinger et al., 2008).”
From Land‐use change to bioenergy production in <scp>E</scp> urope: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon (2012) · cites this paper as Crutzen et al., 2008
Section 3 reports that N₂O emissions can exceed the cooling from displaced fossil fuels for some biofuels, and Appendix A includes emissions from nitrogen entering water systems. But Sections 3 and 4.2 explicitly say the analysis is not a full life-cycle assessment, so the paper does not establish a switch in the life-cycle GHG balance from net sink to net source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOn sandy soils direct N2O emissions may be shifted to indirect emissions from NO3− leached into adjacent water bodies.
“On the other hand, on sandy soils direct N 2 O emissions may be shifted to indirect emissions from NO 3 À leached into adjacent water bodies (Crutzen et al., 2008;Well & Butterbach-Bahl, 2010).”
From Land‐use change to bioenergy production in <scp>E</scp> urope: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon (2012) · cites this paper as Crutzen et al., 2008
Appendix A (page not available in our copy) identifies indirect N₂O emissions from leached nitrogen leaving fields and entering water systems. It does not specify sandy soils or say that direct emissions shift to indirect emissions under those conditions. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Crutzen, P. J., Mosier, A. R., Smith, K. A., & Winiwarter, W.
- Affiliations
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- ORCID
- Winiwarter, W.
- Venue
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2008-01-29
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 389-395
- ISSN
- 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
- 1680-7324
- OpenAlex
- W2124610505
- Cited by
- 1,298
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 123
- FWCI
- 253.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Keywords
- nitrous oxide emissions, biofuels, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen fertilization, global warming, fossil fuel substitution, biodiesel, bioethanol, maize, Brassica napus, Poaceae, coppice, livestock emissions
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