Why Do People Prefer Individual Therapy Over Group Therapy?
Abstract
The current study aims to identify the reason people avoid group therapy despite its recognized effectiveness. Participants were 224 university students, men and women from two ethnic groups (Jewish and Arab) in Israel. We asked them to mark their preference for individual or group therapy on a 7-point scale and add five arguments in favor and against each type of therapy. Results verified the tendency to prefer individual over group therapy, with minor gender or ethnic effects. Participant arguments indicated accuracy in identifying the strength of group therapy, but various fears limit their enthusiasm about group therapy. The discussion focuses on possible ways to overcome those fears.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Potential clients sometimes express reservations about group psychotherapy, including fear of criticism, rejection, or expectation to self-disclose.
“Research has shown that potential clients sometimes express reservations about group psychotherapy, including fear of criticism, rejection, or the expectation to self-disclose [40].”
From One-Day Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Compared to Support for Depressed Migraine Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
Cites
Counseling the Culturally Different: Theory and Practice
Baptiste, D. A., Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. W. (1993) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/585569 · Cited by 1,918 · see citing works
The theory and practice of group psychotherapy.
Gullickson, T., & Ramser, P. (1996) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/002652 · Cited by 1,894 · see citing works
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Hackler, A. H. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.40 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
Psychotherapy Relationships That Work
Norcross, J. C. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.001.0001 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Counseling the Culturally Different: Theory and Practice
Al‐Issa, I. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200006000-00016 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure.
Vogel, D. L., & Wester, S. (2003) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.351 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
The theory and practice of group psychotherapy, 3rd ed.
Yalom, I. D. (1985) · Cited by 436 · see citing works
A Meta-analysis of Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help
Nam, S. K., Chu, H. J., Lee, M. K., Lee, M., Kim, N., & Lee, S. M. (2010) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.483714 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research
(2019) · Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.33824/pjpr.2019.34.3 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Doherty, D. T., & Kartalova‐O'Doherty, Y. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x457423 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Handbook of group psychotherapy : an empirical and clinical synthesis
Fuhriman, A. J., & Burlingame, G. M. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Sharp, D. M., Power, K. G., & Swanson, V. (2004) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.393 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Comparison of therapeutic factors in group and individual treatment processes.
Holmes, S. E., & Jr. Kivlighan Dennis, M. (2000) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.4.478 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Culture analysis and metaphor psychotherapy with Arab-Muslim clients
Dwairy, M. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20568 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2004) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.5.429 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Fuhriman, A. J., & Burlingame, G. M. (1990) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000090181002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Process and Outcome in Group Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Perspective
Burlingame, G. M., Fuhriman, A. J., & Johnson, J. E. (2004) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452229683.n4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Therapeutic factors and outcomes in group and individual therapy of aggressive boys.
Shechtman, Z. (2003) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.7.3.225 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationPines, A. M., & Zaidman, N. (2003) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022103034004006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-0619 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A Consideration of Factors Influencing the Utilization of Time-Limited, Short-Term Group Therapy
Piper, W. E., & Joyce, A. S. (1996) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.1996.11490783 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Seeking psychological help: A comparison of individual and group treatment
Shechtman, Z., Vogel, D. L., & Maman, N. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300903307648 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationAttachment Style and Observed Initial Self-Disclosure as Explanatory Variables of Group Functioning.
Shechtman, Z., & Rybko, J. (2004) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.8.3.207 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAttachment style as a predictor of behavior in group counseling with preadolescents.
Shechtman, Z., & Dvir, V. (2006) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.10.1.29 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationPatient Preferences Regarding Cancer Group Psychotherapy Interventions: A View From the Inside
Sherman, A. C., Pennington, J. H., Latif, U., Farley, H., Arent, L., & Simonton, S. (2007) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.48.5.426 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Danino, M., & Shechtman, Z. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.692953 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationUNDERUTILIZATION OF SHORT-TERM GROUP THERAPY: ENIGMATIC OR UNDERSTANDABLE?
Piper, W. E. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701867512 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Therapist’s Anxiety and Resistance to Group Therapy
Billow, R. M. (2001) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.51.2.225.49856 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Attitudes Towards (Psychotherapy) Groups: Results of a Survey in a Representative Sample
Strauss, B. M., Spangenberg, L., Brähler, E., & Bormann, B. (2014) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp_2014_64_001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Impact of Culture on Group Behavior: A Comparison of Three Ethnic Groups
Shechtman, Z., Hiradin, A., & Zina, S. (2003) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00244.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Individual Therapy Process Really Different from Group Therapy Process?
Hill, C. E. (1990) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000090181008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chung, R. C. (2004) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452229683.n14 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effective Leader Interventions for Counseling and Psychotherapy Groups
Morran, D. K., Stockton, R. A., & Whittingham, M. (2004) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452229683.n7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Interpretives (confrontation, interpretation, and feedback) in preadolescent counseling groups.
Shechtman, Z., & Yanov, H. (2001) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.5.2.124 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationRelative Efficacy of Individual versus Group Psychotherapy
Burlingame, G. M., & Krogel, J. (2005) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2005.55.4.607 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shechtman, Z., Goldberg, A., & Cariani, R. (2008) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.12.2.85 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationIngenuity and Uneasiness About Group Psychotherapy in University Counseling Centers
Hahn, W. K. (2009) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2009.59.4.543 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Anti-Group Attitudes at Assessment for Psychotherapy
Bowden, M. F. (2002) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/14749730210163453 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Complex Dilemmas in Group Therapy
(2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203021071 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Selecting and Using Activities in Groups
Nitza, A. (2014) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781544308555.n8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Efficacy of group psychotherapy for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Barkowski, S., Schwartze, D., Strauss, B., Burlingame, G. M., & Rosendahl, J. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1729440 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Stigma in help-seeking: the case of adolescents
Shechtman, Z., Vogel, D. L., Strass, H. A., & Heath, P. J. (2016) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2016.1255717 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationBognár, A. S., Teutsch, B., Bunduc, Ș., Veres, D. S., Szabó, B., Fogarasi, B., Zahariev, O. J., Vörhendi, N., Almog, O., Hadani, Y., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63431-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Organizing Psycho-Oncological Care for Cancer Patients: The Patient’s Perspective
Schuit, A. S., Holtmaat, K., van Zwieten, V., Aukema, E. J., Gransier, L., Cuijpers, P. J., & Leeuw, I. M. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625117 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Osma, J., Suso-Ribera, C., Peris-Baquero, Ó., Gil-Lacruz, M., Pérez-Ayerra, L., Ferreres-Galan, V., Torres-Alfosea, M. Á., López-Escriche, M., & Domínguez, O. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218117 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dindo, L. N., Recober, A., Calarge, C. A., Zimmerman, B. M., Weinrib, A., Marchman, J. N., & Turvey, C. (2020) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00818-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Corpas, J., Moriana, J. A., Martínez, J. F. V., & Gálvez‐Lara, M. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.11.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Eccles, F. J. R., Craufurd, D., Smith, A. M. S., Davies, R., Glenny, K., Homberger, M., Peeren, S., Rogers, D., Rose, L., Skitt, Z., et al. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00631-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Aguilera‐Martín, Á., Gálvez‐Lara, M., Cuadrado, F., Moreno, E. M., García‐Torres, F., Martínez, J. F. V., Corpas, J., Jurado-González, F. J., Muñoz‐Navarro, R., González‐Blanch, C., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03726-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Seidman, A. J., Wade, N. G., & Geller, J. (2022) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000614 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fajnerová, I., Hejtmánek, L., Sedlák, M., Jablonská, M., Francová, A., & Stopková, P. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60441 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shechtman, Z., Alim, E., Brenner, R. E., & Vogel, D. L. (2018) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2018.1461913 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationReasons for Suggesting Group Psychotherapy to Patients
Rutan, J. S. (2021) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200032 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alvis, L. M., Oosterhoff, B. J., Giang, C. W., & Kaplow, J. B. (2023) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-023-09776-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Molina, A. P., Palinkas, L. A., Hernandez, Y., Garcia, I., Stuart, S. P., Sosna, T., & Mennen, F. E. (2023) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-023-01312-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Metacognitive training in the acute psychiatric care setting: feasibility, acceptability, and safety
Fischer, R., Nagel, M., Schöttle, D., Lüdecke, D., Lassay, F., Moritz, S., & Scheunemann, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1247725 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Doorn, K. A., & Horne, S. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23396 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Waumans, R. C., Muntingh, A., Veldwijk, J., Hoogendoorn, A. W., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Batelaan, N. M. (2023) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-023-00857-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hospital Care for Cancer Patients—Education and Respect for Patient Rights
Borowska, M. W., Religioni, U., & Mańczuk, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12040494 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maree, J. G., & Mahlalela, T. N. (2025) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v45n2a2554 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pedro, L. M. R., de Oliveira, M. C. S., Pereira, M., Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01391-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sunthararajah, S. (2019) · Adoption & Fostering : The Quarterly Journal of British Agencies for Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575919826878 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Conley, C. S., Broner, S. E., Hareli, M., Miller, L., & Rafaeli, A. K. (2023) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/87568225.2023.2276621 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Battles, A. R., Curland, R. A., & Cruitt, P. J. (2025) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2025.2454666 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Understanding Animal Assisted Group Therapy from the College Counselor’s Perspective
Randall, B. M., & Smith‐Adcock, S. (2023) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2023.2234816 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Group Setting and Therapist Responsiveness: A Narrative Review
Davì, D., Prestano, C., & Vegni, N. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7010037 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Overview of Psychosocial Interventions with Divorced Women in Türkiye
Çon, H. Ö., & Koçtürk, N. (2026) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1866799 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Härtling, S., & Hoyer, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_36
The Expressive Arts in Intimacy Groups with Parents: Processes and Outcomes
Shechtman, Z. (2023) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v11i11.4641
Self-citationMcDonald, M., & Linden, M. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2023-0022
Hashemzadeh, M., Jamaloo, S., Shahmohamadi, E., Rahmani, A., Damavandi, G. R., Mousavi, M. S., Sotoudeh, H. G., & Artounian, V. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.03.24302281
Non-pharmacological Interventions for Mental Disorders
(2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4708-3
A Provisional Theory of Change and Basic Logic Model for Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Programs
Monnelly, K., Marshall, J., Dipper, L. T., & Cruice, M. N. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-25-00519
Lenz, L., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2671190
Mukasa, M. N., Donahue, M. L., Levin, M. E., Rodríguez, M. M. D., Kasujja, R., Damulira, C., & Vance, J. (2026) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2026.101017
- Authors
- Shechtman, Z., & Kiezel, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Shechtman, Zipora
- Venue
- International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-06-07
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 571-591
- ISSN
- 0020-7284 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2836
- OpenAlex
- W2541196401
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Group Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- group therapy, individual psychotherapy, gender differences, ethnic differences, university students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review