Execution and pauses in writing narratives: Processing time, cognitive effort and typing skill
Abstract
At the behavioural level, the activity of a writer can be described as periods of typing separated by pauses. Although some studies have been concerned with the functions of pauses, few have investigated motor execution periods. Precise estimates of the distribution of writing processes, and their cognitive demands, across periods of typing and pauses are lacking. Furthermore, it is uncertain how typing skill affects these aspects of writing. We addressed these issues, selecting writers of low and high typing skill who performed dictation and composition tasks. The occurrences of writing processes were assessed through directed verbalization, and their cognitive demands were measured through interference in reaction times (IRT). Before writing a narrative, 34 undergraduates learned to categorize examples of introspective thoughts as different types of activities related to writing (planning, translating, or revising). Then, while writing, they responded to random auditory probes, and reported their ongoing activity according to the learned categories. Convergent with previous findings, translating was most often reported, and revising and planning had fewer occurrences. Translating was mostly activated during motor execution, whereas revising and planning were mainly activated during pauses. However, none of the writing processes can be characterized as being typical of pauses, since translating was activated to a similar extent as the other two processes. Regarding cognitive demands, revising is likely to be the most demanding process in narrative writing. Typing skill had an impact on IRTs of motor execution. The demands of execution were greater in the low than in the high typing skill group, but these greater demands did not affect the strategy of writing processes activation. Nevertheless, low typing skill had a detrimental impact on text quality.
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Recent writing technologies began to approach the speed of human thought in the drafting process.
“These recent writing technologies began to approach the speed of human thought in the drafting process (Alves et al. 2008).”
From Large language models and the problem of rhetorical debt (2025) · cites this paper as Alves et al. 2008
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- Authors
- Alves, R. A., Castro, S. L., & Olive, T.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Alves, Rui Alexandre
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-11-21
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 969-979
- ISSN
- 0020-7594 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-066X
- OpenAlex
- W2058760204
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Writing and Handwriting Education
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- writing process, typing skills, narrative writing, cognitive effort, processing time, writing planning, textual revision, text translation, text quality, dictation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention, Computer Literacy, Female, Handwriting, Humans, Male, Motor Skills, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Students, Thinking, Translating, Writing, Narration, Young Adult
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