Cited by 991Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research TopicsPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures

Rodriguez, Anthony, Reise, Steven P., Haviland, Mark G.·2016·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to apply a set of rarely reported psychometric indices that, nevertheless, are important to consider when evaluating psychological measures. All can be derived from a standardized loading matrix in a confirmatory bifactor model: omega reliability coefficients, factor determinacy, construct replicability, explained common variance, and percentage of uncontaminated correlations. We calculated these indices and extended the findings of 50 recent bifactor model estimation studies published in psychopathology, personality, and assessment journals. These bifactor derived indices (most not presented in the articles) provided a clearer and more complete picture of the psychometric properties of the assessment instruments. We reached 2 firm conclusions. First, although all measures had been tagged "multidimensional," unit-weighted total scores overwhelmingly reflected variance due to a single latent variable. Second, unit-weighted subscale scores often have ambiguous interpretations because their variance mostly reflects the general, not the specific, trait. Finally, we review the implications of our evaluations and consider the limits of inferences drawn from a bifactor modeling approach.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249

Cites

77 of 77 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 · Cited by 6,567
On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha
Sijtsma, K. (2009) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0 · Cited by 2,814
The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences
Cattell, R. B. (1978) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2262-7 · Cited by 2,165
The Rediscovery of Bifactor Measurement Models
Reise, S. P. (2012) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.715555 · Cited by 2,112 · cited 6×
“…on this equation, it is clear that, as the proportion of variance explained by the general factor increases, ECV will increase, and, as noted by Reise (2012), higher ECV values indicate a strong general factor, which could guide researchers in deciding whether to fit a unidimensional model…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
The Concept of Validity.
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.4.1061 · Cited by 1,733
Coefficients Alpha, Beta, Omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma
Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2008) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9102-z · Cited by 1,652
Cronbach’s α , Revelle’s β , and Mcdonald’s ω H : their Relations with Each Other and Two Alternative Conceptualizations of Reliability
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-003-0974-7 · Cited by 1,439 · cited 1×
“For more details, we refer readers to the original sources as well as to reviews (e.g., McDonald, 1999; Reise, Moore, & Haviland, 2013; Revelle & Zinbarg, 2009; Zinbarg et al., 2005; Zinbarg, Yovel, Revelle, & McDonald, 2006).”
Method
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—21 (DASS‐21): Further Examination of Dimensions, Scale Reliability, and Correlates
Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21908 · Cited by 1,097
Scoring and Modeling Psychological Measures in the Presence of Multidimensionality
Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.725437 · Cited by 1,069
Self-citation

Show all 77 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Gorsuch R. L., 1983, Factor analysis
*Jonason P. K., 2013, Individual Differences Research, 11, 81
McDonald R. P., 1999, Test theory: A unified approach
Reise S. P., 2013, APA Handbook of Testing and Assessment in Psychology
Stucky B. D., 2014, Handbook of item response theory modeling: Applications to typical performance assessment, 183

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 991

Adolescent Soccer Athletes’ Irrational Beliefs About Basic Psychological Needs are Related to Their Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health
Devey, A., Turner, M. J., Artiran, M. K., & Hobson, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00464-0 · Cited by 6
Examination of the wording effect in the new ecological paradigm scale in China: a bi-factor modeling approach
Tang, C., Yang, B., & Tian, H. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04801-z · Cited by 6
Psychometric properties of the mock interview rating scale for autistic transition-age youth
Smith, M. J., Sherwood, K. L., Genova, H. M., Ross, B., DaWalt, L. S., Bishop, L., Telfer, D., Brown, C., Sanchez, B., & Kallen, M. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1235056 · Cited by 6
Affective Contributions to Instrumental and Reactive Aggression in Middle Childhood: Variable- and Person-Centered Approaches
Shields, A. N., Reardon, K. W., Lawler, T., & Tackett, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2272951 · Cited by 6
The German PCL-5: evaluating structural validity in a large-scale sample of the general German population
Pettrich, A., Friedrich, M., Nesterko, Y., & Glaesmer, H. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2317055 · Cited by 7
An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Reasons for Living Inventory within a Male Veteran Clinical Sample
Chen, J. I., Osman, A., Freedenthal, S. L., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1563576 · Cited by 8
Parsing apart affective dimensions of withdrawal: Longitudinal relations with peer victimization
Perry, K. J., Meisel, S. N., Stotsky, M. T., & Ostrov, J. M. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000346 · Cited by 6
An examination of reciprocal associations between substance use and effortful control across adolescence using a bifactor model of externalizing symptoms
Paige, K. J., Meisel, S. N., & Colder, C. R. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000644 · Cited by 10
Empirically based dimensions of externalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: a multitrait-multisource approach
Thöne, A., Junghänel, M., Görtz‐Dorten, A., Breuer, D., del Giudice, T., Hanisch, C., Hennemann, T., & Döpfner, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09983-7 · Cited by 8
Development and calibration data for the Healthcare Access Item Bank: a new computer adaptive test for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Carlozzi, N. E., Kallen, M. A., Troost, J. P., Bragg, A., Martin-Howard, J., Cruz, B. D. L., Miner, J. A., Moldovan, I., Jack, B. W., & Mitchell, S. E. (2022) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-022-03278-w · Cited by 6
Beyond Face Value: Assessing the Factor Structure of an Eye-Tracking Based Attention Bias Task
McNamara, M. E., Hsu, K. J., McSpadden, B., Risom, S., Shumake, J., & Beevers, C. G. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10395-4 · Cited by 6
A Bifactor Analysis Approach to Construct Validity and Reliability of the Affective Exercise Experience Questionnaire among Chinese College Students
Wang, T., Gerber, M., Herold, F., Bardeen, J. R., Ludyga, S., Taylor, A., Kramer, A. F., & Zou, L. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.029804 · Cited by 9
Assessing the Factor Structure of the Integrative Hope Scale
Sharpe, D., McElheran, J., & Whelton, W. J. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117700269 · Cited by 6
The Social Aptitudes Scale: looking at both “ends” of the social functioning dimension
Axelrud, L. K., DeSousa, D. A., Manfro, G. G., Pan, P. M., Knackfuss, A. C. U., Mari, J. D. J., Miguel, E. C., Rohde, L. A., & Salum, G. A. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1395-8 · Cited by 6
Shared and unique variances of interpersonal callousness and low prosocial behavior.
Meehan, A. J., Hawes, D. J., Salekin, R. T., & Barker, E. D. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000675 · Cited by 7
An instrument in search of a theory: Structural validity of the Kaufman assessment battery for children‐second edition normative update at school‐age
McGill, R. J. (2019) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22304 · Cited by 6
A Bifactor Model of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Phenotype
Williams, Z. J. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.02.021 · Cited by 6
Factor structures and psychometric properties of three brief versions of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale in the Korean population
Kim, G., Yim, M., Bae, H., & Hur, J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02261-z · Cited by 8
A Systematic Review of Universal Screening for Social, Emotional, and Behavior Needs in Schools
McDaniel, S. C., Chow, J. C., Kilgus, S. P., Porter, J., & Vengurlekar, I. N. (2025) · Journal of Applied School Psychology · doi:10.1080/15377903.2025.2475434 · Cited by 5
Neural–genetic–environmental evidence for a disease factor in mental and physical health multimorbidity
Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Garcia‐Argibay, M., Jia, T., Kang, J., Li, W., Solmi, M., Hongyi, S., Liu, W., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65055-w · Cited by 5
Psychological ownership and forest management behavior: Development and validation of a multidimensional bifactor scale
Wagner, L. (2025) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103624 · Cited by 2
Non-Cognitive Adaptive Resourcefulness: Scrutiny of Its Multidimensionality and Nomological Validity
Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231221502 · Cited by 5
Psychometric properties of the self-report version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale in a sample of Hungarian adolescents and young adults
Vajsz, K., Paulina, L. R., Trejo, S., Andaverde-Vega, A. A., Swanson, J. M., & Miklósi, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1330716 · Cited by 6
Dark Triad, Dyad, or Core? A Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) Across Three Countries
Denovan, A., Plouffe, R. A., Dagnall, N., Artamonova, E. G., Kowalski, C. M., & Saklofske, D. H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07030-0 · Cited by 5
Confirmation and Validation of a Chinese version of the Equanimity Scale
Xiao, Q., Xu, Y., & Hu, X. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02505-4 · Cited by 5
Sexual Empowerment Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men
Choi, S. K., Boynton, M. H., Ennett, S. T., Muessig, K. E., Bauermeister, J. A., LeGrand, S., & Hightow‐Weidman, L. (2020) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2020.1809614 · Cited by 5
A Psychometric Investigation of the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale Using Bifactor Modeling: Evidence for the Unidimensional Structure of the Measure
Saulnier, K. G., Saulnier, S. J., & Allan, N. P. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09920-0 · Cited by 5
Distilling vector space model scores for the assessment of constructed responses with bifactor Inbuilt Rubric method and latent variables
Martínez‐Huertas, J. Á., Olmos, R., Jorge‐Botana, G., & León, J. A. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01764-6 · Cited by 5
Validity Evidence of Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Professional Fulfillment Index
Silva-Júnior, J. S., Ogata, A. J. N., Scarpellini, B., da Cunha, A. A., Trockel, M., & Demarch, R. B. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221086945 · Cited by 5
Using Psychometric Testing Procedures for Scale Validity, Reliability, and Invariance Analysis: The PRETIE-Q Portuguese Version
Rodrigues, F. F., Morouço, P., Antunes, R., Monteiro, D., Jacinto, M., Figueiredo, N., dos Santos, F. N., Bastos, V., & Teixeira, D. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13070086 · Cited by 6
Inventario de Problemas Interpersonales-32 (IIP-32): Propiedades psicométricas y datos normativos en una muestra clínica de Argentina
Penedo, J. M. G., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Maristany, M., & Hoffmann, A. F. (2022) · Revista Evaluar · doi:10.35670/1667-4545.v22.n2.38688 · Cited by 5
The Leipzig Leadership Model: Measuring leadership orientations
Meynhardt, T., Steuber, J., & Feser, M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04873-x · Cited by 9
Is School Absenteeism a Spectrum? Development and Validation of Japanese Futoko Spectrum Quotient ( FSQ ) 1
Hou, Y., Harada, Y., Ota, M., & Kato, H. (2023) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12480 · Cited by 6
Assessing the Two Sources of Construct-Relevant Psychometric Multidimensionality of the Nomophobia Questionnaire: The Integrated Framework of Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
Valenti, G. D., Bottaro, R., & Faraci, P. (2023) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787231203380 · Cited by 6
Evaluating the dimensionality of L2 grit: A confirmatory bifactor model
Zhang, X., Zhang, S., & Xu, H. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103144 · Cited by 5
Construction and standardisation of an instrument measuring lecturers’ persistence to publish in Scopus-indexed journals
Valentine Joseph Owan, P. D., Bassey, B. A., & Ubi, I. O. (2023) · Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching · doi:10.37074/jalt.2023.6.2.37 · Cited by 6
Construct validity of the German version of the Emotion Reactivity Scale
Lüönd, A. M., Thoma, M., Spiller, T. R., Weilenmann, S., Jansson, B., & Pfaltz, M. C. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01458-y · Cited by 5
How Dark Is the Core of Dark Personality Traits?
Ock, J. (2024) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000418 · Cited by 5
Can a global score be derived from the Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale-Short Form (ISLES-SF)? Empirical support for a bi-factor model
Lee, S. A., Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2368330 · Cited by 5
Stress in United States school psychologists: Development and preliminary psychometric properties of the School Psychologist Distress Inventory
Pike, N. M., & Floyd, R. G. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101351 · Cited by 9
Longitudinal measurement invariance of EURO-D scale across 27 countries in SHARE wave 8 and wave 9: A cross-country alignment study
Fong, T. C. T., & Chan, R. T. H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119852 · Cited by 5
Re(Examining) Relations between CHC Broad and Narrow Cognitive Abilities and Reading Achievement
McGill, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v7n1p265 · Cited by 5
Negative Problems Orientation Questionnaire for Chinese Adolescents: Bifactor Model and Measurement Invariance
Xiao, H., Lin, R., Qiaoling, W., Shen, S.-L., & Yan, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608676 · Cited by 5
Over reliance on model fit indices in confirmatory factor analyses may lead to incorrect inferences about bifactor models: A cautionary note
Pretorius, T. B. (2021) · African Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.4102/ajopa.v3i0.35 · Cited by 5
Re-Applying the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale to Various Portuguese Exercise Groups: An Analysis of Bifactor Models and Contextual Invariance
Rodrigues, F. F., Cid, L., Teixeira, D., & Monteiro, D. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211016803 · Cited by 6
The factor structure of the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder: Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling and measurement invariance over time
Guo, B., Li, L., Crawford, M., & Morriss, R. K. (2021) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1874 · Cited by 5
A Construct Revalidation of the Community of Inquiry Survey: Empirical Evidence for a General Factor Under a Bifactor Structure
Yang, H., & Su, J. (2021) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v22i4.5587 · Cited by 5
Psychometric Evaluation of the Korean Version of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue
Won-Gyeom, L. E. E., & Kim, H. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000484 · Cited by 5
Identity Matters: Validation of the Professional Identification Scale in a Sample of Teachers in South Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pretorius, T. B., Padmanabhanunni, A., & Isaacs, S. A. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00225-z · Cited by 5
Longitudinal measurement invariance and growth curve modeling of psychological resilience across the deployment cycle
Cabrera, Ó., Trachik, B. J., Ganulin, M. L., Dretsch, M. N., & Adler, A. B. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2188846 · Cited by 5
Development of indicators of happiness in learning of Thai open university students
Laosum, T. (2023) · AAOU Journal/AAOU journal · doi:10.1108/aaouj-10-2022-0144 · Cited by 5
Revisiting the factor structure of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2): Evidence for a bifactor model in individuals with Chiari malformation
Tokar, D. M., Kaut, K. P., & Allen, P. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287208 · Cited by 5
Development of the Scrupulosity Inventory: A Factor Analysis and Construct Validity Study
Miller, C. H., Hedges, D. W., Brown, B., Olsen, J. A., & Baughan, E. C. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926 · Cited by 5
Structure and Measurement Invariance of Ethnic Identity for Native American College Students
Lin, L., Shi, D., Snyder, L. A., Lee, T., & Taylor, W. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01651 · Cited by 5
Assessing the dimensionality of the Student School Engagement Survey: Support for a multidimensional bifactor model
Inman, R. A., Moreira, P., Cunha, D., & Castro, J. (2020) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2020.03.001 · Cited by 5
Factor Structure of the Differential Ability Scales–Second Edition Core Subtests: Standardization Sample Confirmatory Factor Analyses
Canivez, G. L., McGill, R. J., & Dombrowski, S. C. (2020) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282920914792 · Cited by 5
Evaluating psychometric properties of the Emotional Eating Scale Adapted for Children and Adolescents (EES-C) in a clinical sample of children seeking treatment for obesity: a case for the unidimensional model
Sim, D. E. K., Strong, D. R., Manzano, M. A., Eichen, D. M., Rhee, K. E., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., & Boutelle, K. N. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0427-8 · Cited by 5
The impact of gender-stereotypical text contents on reading competence in women and men
Thums, K., Gnambs, T., & Wolter, I. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-020-00980-8 · Cited by 5
Heterogeneity of Irritability: Psychometrics of The Irritability and Dysregulation of Emotion Scale (TIDES-13)Preprint
Dissanayake, A. S., Dupuis, A., Arnold, P. D., Burton, C. L., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R. J., & Levy, T. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.22270624 · Cited by 5
Development and Validation of the Balanced Inventory of Mindfulness-Related Skills (BIMS)Preprint
Dam, N. T. V., Bilgrami, Z. R., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2018) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/8qdzg · Cited by 5
Examining the Latent Structure and Correlates of Sensory Reactivity in Autism: A Multi-site Integrative Data Analysis by the Autism Sensory Research ConsortiumPreprint
Williams, Z. J., Schaaf, R. C., Ausderau, K., Baranek, G. T., Barrett, D. J., Cascio, C. J., Dumont, R. L., Eyoh, E. E., Failla, M. D., Feldman, J. I., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2447849/v1 · Cited by 5
Validation of the reading the mind in the eyes test requires an interpretable factor model
Higgins, W. C., Savalei, V., Polito, V., & Ross, R. M. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2303706120 · Cited by 5
New complementary perspectives for inpatient physical function assessment: matched clinician-report and patient-report short form measures from the PROMIS adult physical function item bank
Kallen, M. A., Brown, H. E., Hatton, J. R., Doyle, W. A., Murphy, R., Elliott, R., Gutierrez, M. A., Catherwood, E. L., Pitman, H. P., Liu, V. X., et al. (2022) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-022-03089-z · Cited by 4
The child and adolescent social support scale: Assessing four types of perceived support from five sources
Styck, K. M., Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Demaray, M. K., Slany, A. E. W., Pyun, Y., Geisler, M., & Kassel, M. K. (2025) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2025.101464 · Cited by 7
Overlapping symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ), autism, and personality disorder in a community sample
Martin, R. C., Rabba, A. S., & Sellbom, M. (2026) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70037 · Cited by 4
Predicting relationship quality with itself? A single general factor captures most of the variance across 34 common relationship measures
Kim, J. J., Joel, S., Gonzales, A. M., Murphy, B. A., Perez, J. C., Kaufman, V. A., Bradbury, T. N., Eastwick, P. W., & Karney, B. R. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342451 · Cited by 4
The structure of self-esteem: a bifactor modeling approach of the Self-liking/Self-competence Scale-Revised (SLCS-R) in Chinese preadolescents
Bai, Y., Di, M., Huo, Y., Wang, J., Xia, X., & Zhao, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01243-9 · Cited by 4
Using item response theory to estimate interpretation threshold values for the Frailty Index in community dwelling older adults
Pua, Y., Terluin, B., Tay, L., Clark, R. A., Thumboo, J., Tay, E., Mah, S., & Ng, Y. S. (2023) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105280 · Cited by 4
A Measurement Invariance Analysis of the Anxiety Scale for Autism–Adults in a Sample of Autistic and Non-Autistic Men and Women
Moore, H. L., Freeston, M. H., Rodgers, J., & Cassidy, S. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06260-2 · Cited by 5
The General Psychopathology ‘p’ Factor in Adolescence: Multi-Informant Assessment and Computerized Adaptive Testing
Jones, J. D., Boyd, R. C., Sandro, A. D., Calkins, M. E., Reyes, A. D. L., Barzilay, R., Young, J. F., Benton, T. D., Gur, R. C., Moore, T. M., et al. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01223-8 · Cited by 4
The Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire for Teachers: Psychometric Properties Using the Bifactor ESEM Framework
Dierendonck, C. (2024) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v17n4p1 · Cited by 4
Stability and Change in Intolerance of Uncertainty and Its Association with Interpretation Bias in Social Situations: A Longitudinal Study of Italian Adolescents
Lauriola, M., Malerba, A., Marini, M., Parisse, C., Prislei, L., Bottesi, G., & Livi, S. (2024) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents4040040 · Cited by 4
Structural Equation Modeling Approaches to Estimating Score Dependability Within Generalizability Theory-Based Univariate, Multivariate, and Bifactor Designs
Vispoel, W. P., Lee, H., & Chen, T. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13061001 · Cited by 4
Relajación de jacobson para disminuir la ansiedad originada por evaluaciones e incremento del rendimiento académico en estudiantes de psicología de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana
Wiener, U. P. N., & Toro, M. T. (2019) · Avances en Psicología · doi:10.33539/avpsicol.2019.v27n2.1795 · Cited by 7
Construct validity of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: a factor analytic and Rasch study
Franchignoni, F. P., Giordano, A., & Monticone, M. (2021) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06502-3 · Cited by 4
The Conformist Attitudes Scale (SPK-II). Latent Structure Analysis Using the Bi-Factor Model
Opozda-Suder, S., Karteczka-Świętek, K., & Michel, M. (2021) · Przegląd Badań Edukacyjnych · doi:10.12775/pbe.2021.014 · Cited by 4
Assessment of the Risks and Needs of Middle School Students: Invariance Properties Related to Gender and Ethnicity
Strand, P. S., French, B. F., & Austin, B. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211062505 · Cited by 4
Assessment of Loneliness During the Pandemic: Comparing Various Short Forms of the UCLA Loneliness Scale in South Africa Using Classical Test Theory and Mokken Analysis
Pretorius, T. B., & Padmanabhanunni, A. (2022) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2203132 · Cited by 4
Distinguishing free will from moral responsibility when measuring free will beliefs: The FWS-II
Stinnett, A. J., Rodriguez, J. E., Littlefield, A., & Alquist, J. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2139232 · Cited by 4
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Kessler-6 Psychological Distress (K6) Scale in a Community Sample of People Living with Severe and Persistent Mental Illness: a Bifactor Model
Carter, S. R., Collins, J. C., Hu, J., O’Reilly, C. L., Wheeler, A., McMillan, S. S., & El‐Den, S. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00981-0 · Cited by 4
Reliability, Validity, and Efficiency of an Item Response Theory–Based Balance Confidence Patient-Reported Outcome Measure
Deutscher, D., Kallen, M. A., Werneke, M. W., Mioduski, J. E., & Hayes, D. (2023) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzad058 · Cited by 4
Revisiting internal consistency in hospitality research: toward a more comprehensive assessment of scale quality
Njeri, M., Khader, M., Ali, F., & Line, N. D. (2024) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-05-2023-0624 · Cited by 6
Disordered gambling, or dependence and consequences: a bifactor exploratory structural equation model analysis of the problem gambling severity index
James, R. J. E., Tillsley, J. E., Hitcham, L., Mou, C., Kim, H., & Tunney, R. J. (2024) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2024.2352094 · Cited by 4
Translation and validation of the Polish-language version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) and its relationship to the type of delivery and the baby’s Apgar score
Pawlicka, P., Wróbel, W. K., Baranowska, B. M., Macewicz, D., Olech, M., Martin, C. J. H., & Martin, C. R. (2024) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/186231 · Cited by 4
Resolving Dimensionality Issues of the Utretch Work Engagement Scale for Students Using an Integrative Data-Analytic Framework
Domínguez-Lara, S., Trógolo, M., Moreta‐Herrera, R., Vaca-Quintana, D. F., Fernández-Arata, M., & Proaño, A. M. P. (2024) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829241283982 · Cited by 6
Validation of the 10-Item Social Provision Scale (SPS-10): Evaluating Factor Structure, Reliability, Measurement Invariance, and Nomological Network Across 38 Countries
Sischka, P. E., Albert, I., & Kornadt, A. E. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241283609 · Cited by 4
What Does the WRAML2 Core Battery Measure? Utilizing Exploratory and Confirmatory Techniques to Disclose Higher Order Structure
McGill, R. J., & Dombrowski, S. C. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116677799 · Cited by 4
Separating Common from Unique Variance Within Emotional Distress: An Examination of Reliability and Relations to Worry
Marshall, A. J., Evanovich, E. K., David, S. J., & Mumma, G. H. (2018) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465817000777 · Cited by 4
Validation of the Career-Related Parental Support Scale (Chinese Version)
Zhang, J., Chen, G., & Yuen, M. (2019) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000019873235 · Cited by 4
Evaluación de la dimensionalidad del Student School Engagement Survey: apoyo para un modelo multidimensional bifactor
Inman, R. A., Moreira, P., Cunha, D., & Castro, J. (2020) · Revista de Psicodidáctica · doi:10.1016/j.psicod.2020.02.001 · Cited by 4
Youth Experience Tracker Instrument: A self‐report measure of developmental antecedents to severe mental illness
Patterson, V. C., Pencer, A. H., Pavlová, B., Awadia, A., MacKenzie, L. E., Zwicker, A., Drobinin, V., Vallis, E. H., & Uher, R. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13007 · Cited by 5
Is parental psychological flexibility a (uni) dimensional construct? A bifactor analysis of the Portuguese version of the parental acceptance questionnaire (6-PAQ)
Fonseca, A., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00991-y · Cited by 4
Translation and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Trait and State Post‐Event Processing Inventory
Maeda, S., Sato, T., Kanai, Y., Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2021) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12322 · Cited by 4
Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Principal Leadership Questionnaire in Greek Educational Context
Gkolia, A., Tsigilis, N., Evangelou, M., & Koustelios, A. D. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211009130 · Cited by 4
Construct Validity of the E-LSRP in a Correctional Sample
Sellbom, M., Butler, J. S., Lee, T. T. C., Loucaides, A. M., Masterson, T. L., & Wygant, D. B. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211038619 · Cited by 4
Análisis psicométrico del Cuestionario de Regulación Conductual de las Emociones en universitarios peruanos
Domínguez-Lara, S., Navarro-Loli, J. S., Cruz, C. A., Medrano, L. A., & Millones, D. L. M. (2021) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2022.25.1.6 · Cited by 4
Psychometric Properties of a Cultural Adapted Version of the Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence in Panama
Flores, S. G., Goth, K., & Díaz, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.806033 · Cited by 4
Testing a bifactor model and measurement invariance of the cognitive avoidance questionnaire in Chinese adolescents
Xie, S., Shen, S.-L., Xiong, X.-X., Chen, Y., Shen, Y.-L., Lin, N., & Lin, R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03141-8 · Cited by 4
Factor Structure of the KABC-II at Ages 5 and 6: Is It Valid in a Clinical Sample?
Renner, G., Irblich, D., & Schroeder, A. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050645 · Cited by 4
Knowing your ABCs: Extending the assessment of stimulus-response (S-R) and cognitive-mediation (C-M) beliefs
Turner, M. J., Chadha, N. J., & Wood, A. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269928 · Cited by 4

Authors: Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Loma Linda University (US)
Corresponding author: Reise, Steven P.
ORCID: Rodriguez, Anthony
Reise, Steven P.
Haviland, Mark G.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2015-10-29
Volume: 98
Issue: 3
Pages: 223-237
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
OpenAlex: W1881923603
Cited by: 990
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 105 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 13
FWCI: 50.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2015-12-23)
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: bifactor model, multidimensional measure, personality assessment, psychopathology assessment
MeSH terms: Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics, Models, Statistical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks