The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Rediscovery of Bifactor Measurement Models
Open accessAbstract
multidimensionality in a set of ordered categorical item responses. I begin by describing the Schmid-Leiman bifactor procedure (Schmid & Leiman, 1957), and highlight its relations with correlated-factors and second-order exploratory factor models. After describing limitations of the Schmid-Leiman, two newer methods of exploratory bifactor modeling are considered, namely, analytic bifactor (Jennrich & Bentler, 2011) and target bifactor rotations (Reise, Moore, & Maydeu-Olivares, 2011). In section two, I discuss limited and full-information estimation approaches to confirmatory bifactor models that have emerged from the item response theory and factor analysis traditions, respectively. Comparison of the confirmatory bifactor model to alternative nested confirmatory models and establishing parameter invariance for the general factor also are discussed. In the final section, important applications of bifactor models are reviewed. These applications demonstrate that bifactor modeling potentially provides a solid foundation for conceptualizing psychological constructs, constructing measures, and evaluating a measure's psychometric properties. However, some applications of the bifactor model may be limited due to its restrictive assumptions.
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“Model-based reliability estimates have often been proposed as an alternative measure of reliability for structural equation modeling (Brunner et al. 2012; Reise 2012; Rodriguez et al. 2016) due to the practical limitations of Cronbach’s alpha (Dunn et al. 2014; Sijtsma 2009; Yang and Green 2011).”
From Measurement Invariance of the WISC-V across a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with ADHD and a Matched Control Group (2024) · cites this paper as Reise 2012
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“In other words, if the data are truly unidimensional and a unidimensional latent variable measurement model is proposed to fit the data, content representativeness does not make any difference in defining the latent variable or in the value of the estimated item parameters (Bollen & Lennox, 1991).”
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“Specifically, many applications of IRT are based on the marginal maximum likelihood (MML; Bock & Aitken, 1981) estimation method.”
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-003-0974-7 · Cited by 1,439
Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.496477 · Cited by 1,196 · cited 4×
“…resolving important problems in conceptualizing and measuring psychological constructs (Brunner, Nagy, & Wilhelm, 2012; Cai, Yang, & Hansen, 2011; Chen, Hayes, Carver, Laurenceau, & Zhang, 2012; Gustafsson & Aberg-Bengtsson, 2010; Reise et al., 2010; Reise, Morizot, & Hays, 2007; Thomas, 2012); 3.”
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Decoupling personality and acute psychiatric symptoms in a depressed sample and a community sample.
Fournier, J. C., Wright, A. G. C., Tackett, J. L., Uliaszek, A. A., Pilkonis, P. A., Manuck, S. B., & Bagby, R. M. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618813989 · Cited by 10
“…a measure such that a general factor accounts for the common variance that underlies responses to all of the items, and additional specific factors (also called grouping factors) account for the remaining variance attributable to subsets of the items (Reise, 2012; Reise, Moore, & Haviland, 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Reise, S. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reise, Steven P.
- ORCID
- Reise, Steven P.
- Venue
- Multivariate Behavioral Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 667-696
- ISSN
- 0027-3171 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7906
- PMC
- PMC3773879
- OpenAlex
- W2025929695
- Cited by
- 2,112
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 203 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 200 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 181 · 2018: 203 · 2017: 175 · 2016: 139 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 85.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Multivariate Behavioral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (RL1DA024853)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR052177)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (UL1DE019580)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- bifactor model, multidimensionality, general factor, parameter invariance, nested models, construct measurement, psychometric properties
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